Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

Early 1994
Croatia's President Franjo Tudjman informs American diplomats that Tehran is offering to supply rifles, ammunition, mortars, anti-tank weapons, and shoulder-launched surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) through Croatia to Bosnia.
—"The Iranian Connection," New York Times, 14 April 1996, p. 18, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
The International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS) said in 1994 that Iran had received 20 M-7s from China.
—Bates Gill, "Chinese Arms Exports to Iran," MERIA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, May 1998, 8 June 2001, <http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/meria/journal/1998/issue2/jv2n2a7.html>.

1994
North Korea begins mass production of the Nodong missile, with a capacity of 30-50 missiles a year. It appears that North Korea will be looking to test the missile in Iran, Libya, or Syria.
—Kim Yong Il, "Puk Nodong 1 Ho Missile Yangsan—Chaknyŏnputo 30-50 Ki Saengsan," Joongang Ilbo, 17 May 1995, <http://www.joins.com>.

1994
North Korea begins to acquire Silkworm (HY-2) anti-ship missiles from China. North Korea later develops a modified version with an extended range of 160km, and exports it to countries in the Middle East such as Iran and Iraq. The export price for the North Korean modified version is said to be $300,000-400,000 in 1994.
—Kim Chong Tu, "Silkworm Missile Iran/Kuso Kaebalhan 'Styx' Kaeryanghyŏng," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 2 June 1994, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

1994
North Korea reportedly begins delivery of 965km-range ballistic missiles to Iran. [Note: This delivery is mentioned in the 4 October 1993 chronology entry, but its veracity has not been confirmed.]
—James Kraska, "Iran Flexes Maritime Muscles in Gulf," Defense News, 4 October 1993, pp. 25-26.

1994
Israeli experts estimate that Iran has at least 250-300 Scud missiles and at least 8-15 launchers on hand in 1994, although some U.S. experts believe the total is much smaller.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), p. 56.

1994
To date, there is no technical data available on the Mushak-120 and Mushak-160 missiles. Because Iran plans to quickly produce a large number of these two missiles, they are presumed to be of a simple design and easy to maintain. Because of their range, they probably have a guidance system, though likely a simple and inexpensive type such as a simple inertial system; this system can be made of parts from dual-use items intended for civilian use and are purchased on the open market. The Mushak-200 was produced in 1989 and is "probably propelled by a solid-fuel rocket, and has a simple inertial guidance system."

The Defense Industries Organization (DIO) supposedly makes Iran's Oghab and Shahin-1 and -2 missiles. The Ran missile that was displayed at the arms exhibit in Tehran in 1988 has not been mentioned since. Iran's Nazeat seems to be similar to China's WS-1 artillery rocket, but there hasn't been any hard evidence that the two are related.

The Shahin-2 "relies upon clusters of small rockets, rather than a single, large rocket motor." Iran's factories have been able to make indigenous artillery rockets and short-range missiles; Iran is capable of assembling and making missiles of foreign design, such as the North Korean Scud-Mod. B. With North Korea's help, Iran designs and makes its own ballistic missiles with ranges from 700-1,000km and farther.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "Iran's Missile Development," The International Missile Bazaar: The New Suppliers Network (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), William C. Potter and Harlan W. Jencks, eds., pp. 61-65.

1994

	Nazeat	Oqab (Eagle)	Shahin-2 (Falcon 2)
Caliber (mm)	355	230	333
Length (m)	5,900	4,820	3,870
Total weight (kg)	950	360	580
Warhead (kg)	150	70	—
Number of nozzles	1	1	7
Thrust (kN)	110	75	220
Propellant weight (kg)	400	138	175
Burning time (secs)	10	3.6	1.8
Maximum range (km)	90	45	20
Storage temperature	-30/+60 C	-30/+60 C	+60 C

—"Baghdad and Ankara Draw Out New Exhibitors," International Defense Review, June 1989, pp. 857-859 and "Iran Moves Into Marketing," International Defense Review, June 1989, p. 846; in Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "Iran's Missile Development," The International Missile Bazaar: The New Suppliers Network (San Francisco: Westview Press, 1994), in William C. Potter and Harlan W. Jencks, eds., p. 63.

1994
Iran's Sanam and TsAGI (Russia's Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute) make their first contacts.
—Ivan Safranchuk; Dmitriy Yevstafyev, ed., "Scientific Notes No. 8: The Nuclear and Missile Programs of Iran and Russian Security – The Framework of Russian-Iranian Collaboration," Nauchnyye Zapiski (Moscow), 5 May 1999, vol. 8, pp. 1-36; in "Russia, Iran Nuclear Program Cooperation," FBIS Document FTS19990701001333, 1 July 1999.

1994
Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) Commander Mohsen Rezai leads the Iranian delegation to the Iranian-North Korean talks about weapons cooperation, which is extended to include development of new weapons systems including missiles such as the Nodong.
—Paula A. DeSutter, Denial and Jeopardy Deterring Iranian Use of NBC Weapons (Washington, DC: National Defense University Press, 1997), pp. 23-24.

1994
A report states that Iran has 200 C-801 missiles. Supposedly China may have provided technology and know-how to Iran, so that they can indigenously build the C-801. The Iranian form of the C-801 is called the Tondar.
—Bates Gill, "Chinese Arms Exports to Iran," MERIA Journal, Vol. 2, No. 2, May 1998, 8 June 2001, <http://www.biu.ac.il/Besa/meria/journal/1998/issue2/jv2n2a7.html>.

1994
The Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) is armed with CSS-N-2 (HY-2) Silkworm anti-ship missiles. The Naval Guards are armed with small launches equipped with anti-tank guided missiles and portable anti-tank guided missiles. This group has three to five operational land-based anti-ship missile units with three to six Silkworm launchers each, and a total of 50-60 missiles, some of which are deployed. There are reports that Iran is working on a version of the Silkworm with a range of up to 400km. The Guards are forming at least one new unit using Chinese-supplied C-801 anti-ship and ship-to-ship missiles. Reportedly, Iran seeks to acquire longer-range anti-ship cruise missiles from the People's Republic of China or from the former Soviet Union. Some sources claim that Iran has already bought eight Soviet-made SS-N-22 "Sunburn" or "Sunburst" anti-ship missile launch units from Ukraine or Russia and has deployed them near the Straits of Hormuz. Iran may also be interested in the development of the North Korean intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) called the Taepodong-1 or Taepodong-2, which was detected by U.S. intelligence earlier this year. This missile has an estimated maximum range of 1,000-1,200 miles (2,000km), and a liquid-fueled missile, but seems to have two stages. Unlike the Nodong, it must be carried in stages to a site where it is assembled. The Nodong transporter may be able to carry both stages of the Taepodong, but some experts feel that a special transporter is needed for the first stage of the Taepodong.
—Anthony H. Cordesman, Threats and Non-Threats from Iran (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 26 January 1995), pp. 46, 59.

1994
Since 1989, China has delivered small numbers of SA-2 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) and Russia has delivered SA-5 and SA-6 SAMs to Iran. Iran's ground-based air defenses also include a relatively small number of Rapier and I-HAWK SAMs. Iran's Navy fleet includes 10 missile patrol boats, while its coastal defenses have HY-2 Silkworm and YJ-1 anti-ship missiles mainly deployed near the Strait of Hormuz. Iran hopes to acquire 10 Hegu class missile patrol boats from China that will reportedly be armed with the YJ-1 anti-ship missile. It has acquired commercial satellite imagery for military purposes and is developing a military reconnaissance satellite with China's help. This program is probably a derivative of the China-Brazil Earth Resources Satellite (CBERS), which is expected to be ready for launch next year and will produce 20-meter resolution images. This will make Iran capable of locating and identifying large, fixed targets from its borders, assessing the effects of air and missile strikes against area targets, and tracking or targeting maritime traffic in the Persian Gulf. Iran has six SA-10 batteries on order from Russia. The SA-10 is a highly capable long-range all-altitude SAM that can engage several targets simultaneously, including tactical ballistic missiles, low-altitude aircraft, and cruise missiles. Iran's military industries are run by the Ministry of Defense's Defense Industrial Organization, which oversees 240 factories employing 45,000 people engaged in the development of surface-to-surface and surface-to-air missiles, anti-tank missiles, as well as other military hardware.
—Michael Eisenstadt, Déjà vu All Over Again? Iran's Military Build up (Washington, DC: Institute for National Strategic Studies, 3 February 1994), pp. 13, 15-18, 21.

1994
Iran receives 94 air-to-air missiles and launchers from Russia.
—"Iran 'reveals' arms deals," Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 February 1996, p. 15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
German intelligence and Flight International report that Iran is developing a range of ballistic missiles and a cruise missile derived from the Russian SSN-2 Styx anti-ship missile. Tehran has access to Styx technology via the Silkworm, the 80km-range Chinese-built version of the Styx. Four Silkworm launch emplacements exist on the mid-Gulf island of Abu Musa. These same documents report that Tehran is also involved in the development of a solid-fueled missile and enhanced-performance Scud ballistic missile systems. The liquid- and solid-fueled missiles "closely follow Western systems." Four agencies are identified as being active in missile development: Defense Industries Organization, Military Industries Organization, Shahid Hemat Industrial Group, and Shahid Bagheri Industrial Group. Tehran's aim is to become self-sufficient in producing missiles. Iran also produces its own remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) and is working on new models. Although these are now used as targets and for surveillance, Western officials are anxious about their potential use as delivery systems for chemical and biological warheads.
—Alan George, "Iran Uses Styx Technology in Cruise Missile Development," Flight International, 16 November 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Iran Manufacturing Own Scud-Bs," Flight International, 23 November 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
Development of the Shahab-3 is launched.
—Steve Rodan, "Israel in Iranian Missile Range by 1999," Jerusalem Post, 1 October 1997, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
Russian arms sales to Iran paint an alarming picture for the West. By most estimates, Russia is assisting Iran's modernization of its weapons inventory with about $1 billion per year in "assistance." Russia is supplying Iran with current-generation, state-of-the-art combat weaponry, including sophisticated MIG fighter and SU-24 fighter bomber aircraft; T-72 tanks, armored vehicles, and a factory to build them; a variety of specialized missiles and modern anti-shipping mines; two "Kilo Class" attack submarines (with a third awaiting delivery); and technology and know-how that will enable Iran to produce certain advanced weapons indigenously.
—Henry Hyde, "US Winks as Russians Sell Weapons to Iran," Christian Science Monitor, 6 December 1994, p. 18, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

January 1994
A senior Pentagon official says Iran is seeking the 120km-range C-801 anti-ship missile. Iran has concluded a deal with China to receive ten 29-meter missile boats.
—Philip Finnegan, Robert Holzer and Neil Munro, Defense News, 17 January 1994, pp. 1, 29, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, September 1993-January 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1994, Vol. 1, No. 3, p. 164.

January 1994
Iran spends $2 billion per year on conventional weapons in order to become the Middle East's regional power. Recent purchases: $3 billion in North Korean Scud-B missiles, $4 billion in Soviet tanks, and $5 billion in Chinese Silkworm M-11 missiles. [Note: The Chinese Silkworm is not an M-11 missile. The M-11 is a surface-to-surface missile. The Silkworm is designated as HY-2.] The Iranian Navy has 10 missile craft.
—Jack Kelley, "Iranian Fervor Fades / For many, ayatollahs' edicts chafe," USA Today, 4 January 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

4 January 1994
The Israeli daily Ha'aretz reports that North Korea has indefinitely postponed the sale of Nodong intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) to Iran. The report does not reveal when the contract was cancelled.
—Ron Kampeas, "Report: North Korea Cancels Scud-D Sales to Iran," Associated Press, 4 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com>; "'Puk Scud Iran P'anmae Ch'wiso'/Israel'chi Podo," Chosun Ilbo, 6 January 1994, <http://www.chosun.com>.

10 January 1994
Cornelius O'Brien is being investigated for his involvement in the Iran-Contra scandal. According to the Irish Gardai Dryad Ltd., owned by the late Cornelius O'Brien, he had files and "end user certificates" issued by the Iranian deputy minister of foreign affairs for purchased ammunition. The price quoted for the sale of 800 missiles from Dryad Ltd. to a London arms agent is $120 million.
—"Cork Arms Link to Iran Suggested," Irish Times, 10 January 1994, p. 7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

12 January 1994
North Korea's Korea Central News Agency reports that Air Force Commander Cho Myŏng Rok is leading a delegation on a visit to Iran. While the report does not mention the purpose of the visit, Western and Arab sources speculate that the two countries will engage in intense discussions about possible Nodong-1 test-launches in Iran. Diplomatic sources also speculate that the North Koreans will likely visit military and nuclear facilities. [Note: The North Korean delegation remains in Iran until mid-February.]
—KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 24 February 1994, in "Military Delegation Reportedly Returns form Visit to Iran," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 26 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

Mid-January 1994
Iran's TharAllah military exercise is carried out in the Straits of Hormuz and the Gulf of Oman, directed by the Khatam ol-Anbia missile command headquarters. Surface-to-sea missile units, radar teams, and air and sea forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) participate in the exercise.
—Yossef Bodansky and Vaughn S. Forrest, "Iran, North Korea, and the Threat of the New Korean War," Task Force on Terrorism & Unconventional Warfare, House Republican Research Committee, US House of Representatives, Washington, DC, 7 February 1994, p. 8.

15 January 1994
North Korean Air Force Commander Cho Myong-Nok visits Tehran to discuss Iranian development and production of North Korea's Scud-C and Nodong-2 ballistic missiles, which could use nuclear or chemical warheads. The countries also discuss starting missile tests in Iran again, after a November 1993 test was cancelled. [Note: See entry for November 1993.] This is the highest-ranking North Korean delegation to ever visit a non-communist country.
—Yossef Bodansky and Vaughn S. Forrest, "Iran, North Korea, and the Threat of the New Korean War," Task Force on Terrorism & Unconventional Warfare, House Republican Research Committee, US House of Representatives, Washington, DC, 7 February 1994, p. 9.

February 1994
North Korean Air Force Commander General Cho Myŏng Rok, heading a 29-member delegation of military and nuclear experts, returns from Iran, where, "new agreements to intensify military and nuclear cooperation" were reached. Western and Arab diplomatic sources believe that the testing of the Nodong-2 in Iran was also discussed, and that the delegation visited the Iranian missile test site at Sharoud. Some analysts believe Iran wants to purchase as many as 150 Nodongs.
—KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 24 February 1994, in "DPRK Military Delegation's Iran Visit Reported," JPRS-TND-94-007, 23 March 1994, pp. 27-28; "N. Korea's Air Force Chief Visits Iran for Closer Ties," Washington Times, 25 February 1994; Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 25; Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr. "An Analysis of North Korean Ballistic Missile Testing," Jane's Intelligence Review, April 1995, p. 190; Ed Blanche, "North Koreans Visit Iran To Step Up Military Cooperation," Associated Press, 24 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

10 February 1994
Documents seized from the camps of Al-Mullah Osman Abdul Aziz's Islamic Movement of Iraqi Kurdistan in Irbil and Suleimaniya report that Abdul Aziz's movement receives $2 million a month from Iran. The camps hold 152mm, 132mm, 130mm, and 120mm canons, Grad missiles, and Katyusha rockets.
—"Iranian Support for Islamic Kurds," Intelligence Newsletter, 10 February 1994, p. 7.

20 February 1994
The Iranian government has $20-$40 billion in arms. Over a period of five years, the government signed a $10 billion oil-for-arms deal with Russia, bought missiles from North Korea worth $3 billion, and Chinese missiles for $5 billion. Iran is also involved in an ambitious program designed to produce a nuclear device by the end of the century.
—James Adams, "Pentagon Fears Debt-Ridden Iran Could Sabotage Gulf Oil Supplies," Sunday Times, 20 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

24 February 1994
Iran's Revolution Guards commander General Mohsen Rezai denies that Iran would ever allow North Korea to test missiles on Iranian territory. He states, "We are very sensitive to having our soil and military facilities used by foreigners. Iran will never opt for such cooperation no matter how friendly the countries are."
—"General Rezai Denies DPRK To Test Missiles In Iran," Tehran Times (Tehran), 24 February 1994, pp. 1, 14, in JPRS-TND-94-006, 16 March 1994, pp. 27-28; Agence France Presse, 24 February 1994, in "Iranian General Denies DPRK Testing Missiles in Iran," JPRS-TND-94-007, 23 March 1994, p. 28.

25 February 1994
Iran begins missile exercises in the Strait of Hormuz.
—"Marine Warfare Tactics To Be Tested," IRNA (Tehran), 26 April 1994; in JPRS-TND-94-011, 16 May 1994, p. 23.

25-29 February 1994
Iran uses indigenously produced rocket fuel for the first time. The fuel is used for a test of an advanced anti-ship missile in the Strait of Hormuz during the Thamen al-A'emmeh exercise. The Navy of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Islamic Revolution Guard Corps conduct the test "with full success" and reportedly "precisely hit the hypothetical enemy."
—Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 29 April 1994, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, February 1994-May 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, pp. 180-181.

March 1994
Israeli diplomats meet with senior North Korean officials in Beijing in an effort to prevent Iran from acquiring Nodong missiles from North Korea.
—"Allegations of 'Secret' Contacts with DPRK On Missiles to Iran," IDF Radio (Tel Aviv), 22 March 1994, in JPRS-TND-94-008, 1 April 1994, p. 34.

March 1994
Iran and Syria are co-developing a cruise missile based on Japanese and European technology.
—Security Affairs, April 1994, p. 11, cited in cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, February 1994-May 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 181.

7 March 1994
Stinger missiles supplied by the CIA to the Mujahideen in Afghanistan turn up in Iran.
—Molly Moore, "CIA Falters in Recovery of Missiles; Blunders Alleged in Plan to Buy Back Afghan Stingers," Washington Post, 7 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

22 March 1994
An Israeli foreign ministry spokesman denies reports that Israel is engaged in secret talks with North Korea concerning missile sales to Iran. However, reports claim that Israeli diplomats met with senior North Korean officials several weeks ago in Beijing. The contacts supposedly began about two years ago, and Israel is said to be proposing to "help raise about $1 billion among American Jewish businessmen for civilian projects in North Korea."
—Udi Segal, "Allegations of 'Secret' Contacts with DPRK on Missiles to Iran," IDF Radio (Tel Aviv), 22 March 1994, in JPRS-TND-94-008, 1 April 1994, p. 34.

23 March 1994
Chinese Ambassador Li Daoyu denies allegations that China is a "key proliferator of destabilizing weapons and technology" to the Middle East. The Ambassador says that China does not provide Iran with M-9 ballistic missile technology or "chemical weapons precursors."
—Security Affairs, April 1994, p. 3, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, February 1994-May 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1994, Vol. 2, No. 1, p. 181.

April 1994
Iran enlists the aid of China and North Korea in the development and production of surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) and rockets as part of its strategy to domestically produce lower-level technology weapons. China helps Iran establish a Scud-B missile production line in Iran and assists in the development of the Oghab rocket system. North Korea offers to co-produce the Nodong-1 missile and helps Iran develop the long-range Scud-C and other Scud-type missiles. While Iran has modified the Soviet-made Scud-B and Frog-7 SSMs, it also domestically develops and produces other rockets, missiles and multiple rocket launcher (MRL) systems. In addition to the 34km-range Oghab and its updated version, the Mushak-120 SSM, Iran also produces the Nazeat rocket family, which may include the 40km-range Raad rocket, and the 13km-range Shahin-1 and the 20km-range Shahin-2 rockets. Iran also produces the 122mm Hadid, Noor, and Arash MRLs, and the 107mm Fajr-3 and Haseb MRLs. Iran and Syria are supposedly coordinating their efforts to acquire Chinese and North Korean SSMs. Unconfirmed reports suggest that Iran and Libya are undertaking a joint venture in Iran to develop the German-designed 950km-range Al-Fateh missile project. Supposedly Iran receives, often through third parties, missile research and development assistance from European and Japanese companies.
—Anoushiravan Ehteshami, "Iran Boosts Domestic Arms Industry," Jane's International Defense Review, April 1994, pp. 72-73.

April 1994
North Korean Foreign Ministry delegation led by Pak Chung Kuk travels to Iran and Pakistan.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 23.

April-May 1994
Security sources state that the Irish Republican Army (IRA) has attempted to procure a large shipment of weapons from Iran to fuel its terrorist campaign into the next century. High on their list of priorities are sophisticated surface-to-air missiles such as SAM-7s and Stinger missiles. The Iranian Information Ministry has offered to meet an IRA "shopping list" in exchange for the assassination of three leading Iranian dissidents. The three people to be assassinated are former Iranian President Abolhasan Bani-Sadr, Javad, a spokesman for the Mujahideen, and Farzaneh Taidi, a prominent Iranian actress. The shopping list includes micro-communications and eavesdropping equipment; semtex explosives; eight Stinger surface-to-air missiles; 400 Colt pistols and 80,000 rounds of ammunition; 100 Uzi submachine guns and 50,000 rounds of ammunition; $6 million in counterfeit dollar bills and $55,000,000 in authentic bills. The IRA turned down the request. Britain publicly warns Iran to sever all ties with the IRA.
—Richard Savill, "IRA 'Wanted Iran Missiles'," Daily Telegraph, 30 April 1994, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; Robert Porter, "MI6 Targeting Iran as Main Threat to West," Sunday Telegraph, 1 May 1994, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; Safa Haeri, "Iran Tried to Hire IRA Hit-Men; Provos Turned Down Offer of Guns, Missiles, and Cash to Murder Three Dissidents in Europe," Independent (London), 3 May 1994, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

7 April 1994
North Korea sends its first improved Scuds that it produced in 1989 to Iran. It is sending them there instead of to the DPRK because Iran helped finance the production.
—Stefan Halper, "Picking a Path Through the Nuke Field," Washington Times, 7 April 1994, p. A17.

11 April 1994
Paul Beaver, publisher of Jane's Defence Weekly, in an interview for a Japanese feature television program entitled "Areas of Dispute in the World," reveals that North Korea and Iran have agreed to establish a Nodong-1 missile production facility in Iran under the code name "Ronda-68." [Note: The "Ronda-68" project referred to is probably the Tondar-68 project.]
—KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 11 April 1994, in, "DPRK, Iran Reportedly Agree to Build Missile Plant," JPRS-TND-94-010, 5 May 1994, p. 47.

16 April 1994
The Iranian Embassy in Ankara rejects accusations made by the Turkish newspaper Hurriyet that Iran is selling missiles to Armenia and printing counterfeit dollars.
—"Report of Missile Sales to Armenia Denied," IRNA (Tehran), 16 April 1994; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-94-076, 20 April 1994, p. 66.

25 April 1994
Russian Prime Minister Victor Chernomyrdin pledges to Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin that Russia will not sell offensive weapons to Iran. Chernomyrdin says that "there will be no transfer of offensive weaponry to Iran."
—David Makovsky, "Russian Premier Pledges Not to Sell Offensive Weapons to Iran," Jerusalem Post, 26 April 1994, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

26 April 1994
Iran, reportedly, has eight SS-N-22 Sunburn long-range surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs), obtained from Ukraine, which are deployed in the Strait of Hormuz with land-based HY-2 anti-ship missiles located in the southern Persian Gulf.
—James Bruce, "Iranian Exercises to Include SSM Firings," Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 April 1994, p. 1.

26 April 1994
Missile maneuvers start in the Strait of Hormuz as part of the Thamen al-Aemmeh exercise. Surface-to-sea missiles, warships, and electronic units of the Armed Forces along with naval units of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) are involved in the exercise.
—"Missile Maneuvers Begin in Strait of Hormuz," IRNA (Tehran), 26 April 1994; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-94-082, pp. 57-58.

27 April 1994
The Israeli Home Front Commander Major General Ze'ev Livne states that Syria is continuing to acquire Scud missiles and launchers from North Korea. He further notes that missiles launched from Iran would pose a more difficult operational dilemma for the Home Front Command.
—Qol Yisra'el (Jerusalem), 27 April 1994, in "General: Syria Buying Scud Missiles in North Korea," FBIS-NES-94-082, 28 April 1994, p. 41.

29 April 1994
The Thamen al-Aemmeh exercises end with all objectives "achieved." Iran's Central News Unit says Iranian-manufactured rocket fuel is used for the first time to fire an advanced anti-ship missile during the Thamen al-Aemmeh exercise. The Iranian Navy and the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) conduct the missile firing with "full success" and reportedly "precisely hit the hypothetical enemy."
—"New Rocket Fuel Tested in Missile Maneuvers," Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 29 April 1994; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-94-084, 2 May 1994, p. 100.

30 April 1994
Iran appears to have a CSS-7/M-11 missile under development. Iran is reportedly developing the Iran-700, a missile that is probably a version of the Chinese CSS-6 or the North Korean Scud-C.
—Duncan Lennox, "Ballistic Missiles Hit New Heights," Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 April 1994, pp. 24-28.

June 1994
The Director of U.S. Naval Intelligence, Rear Admiral Edward D. Sheafer, Jr., releases a statement indicating that Iran may not yet have North Korean Nodong missiles, but could acquire the Nodong system in the future. CIA director James Woolsey says that North Korean plans to sell Iran the Nodong may not have occurred.
—Jon B. Wolfsthal and Dunbar Lockwood, Arms Control Today, July 1994, p. 23; Barbara Starr, Jane's Defence Weekly, 6 August 1994; both cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, June 1994-September 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1995, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 133.

June 1994
Intelligence and nonproliferation sources report that since 1988, North Korea has delivered 200-300 "knock-down" kits of Scud-B missiles to Iran, where they were assembled at a plant near Isfahan. Between 1992 and June 1994, 150 completed Scud-Cs are delivered.
—Martin Sieff, Washington Times, 16 June 1994, p. A13; James Bruce, Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 July 1994, pp. 23-33; both cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, June 1994-September 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1995, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 133.

Early June 1994
A U.S. government official states, "The North Koreans have a reputation for exporting every weapon they've ever produced. If the North Koreans put a missile with a nuclear warhead on the world market, that's the ultimate nightmare scenario." U.S. officials say that Iranian officials have been present for recent missile tests in North Korea, including the test of an anti-ship cruise missile. The tests are said to be "sales demonstrations" for the Iranian observers."
—Bill Gertz, "N. Korea as Nuclear Exporter?," Washington Times, 8 June 1994, pp. A1, A9; cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, June 1994-September 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1995, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 133.

Early June 1994
Robert D. Walpole, deputy director of the CIA's Nonproliferation Center, states, "North Korea is the world's largest proliferator of ballistic missiles." Mr. Walpole says North Korea may sell the Nodong missile, which has a range of about 600 miles, to Iran and possibly to Libya.
—Thomas W. Lippman, "U.S. Hopes to Break a Pattern," Washington Post, 14 June 1994, p. A1.

June-July 1994
U.S. warships monitor the delivery of four or five Chinese Hegus-class fast-attack missile boats. Iran ordered 10 Hegus in 1992. The Hegus are armed with four YJ-1 "Eagle Strike" surface-to-surface missiles.
—"Iran receives Chinese missile boats," Jane's Intelligence Review, 1 September 1994, p. 7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

13 June 1994
Iran's ambassador to Japan, Hosayn Kazempur-Ardebili, denies a Kyodo news report that Iran has test-fired a North Korean missile. Kyodo quotes the U.S. weekly US News & World Report, which stated that Japan urged Iran to stop the missile test.
—"Envoy Denies Test-Firing of DPRK Missile," IRNA (Tehran), 13 June 1994.

14 June 1994
Robert Walpole, Deputy Director of the CIA's Nonproliferation Center, says that Iran will probably be the first to purchase the Nodong missile. The missile has not yet been exported, but is believed to be capable of carrying a nuclear warhead.
—Thomas Lippman, "North Koreans Would Sell Nukes, Analysts Think," Houston Chronicle, 14 June 1994, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

14 June 1994
North Korea may test its Nodong-1 missile in Iran within 6 to 12 months because "[t]esting facilities don't exist of a full-range test [of the Nodong-1] in North Korea," and because it wants to avoid increasing the existing tension over the nuclear issue. U.S. government analysts believe that North Korea will not sell operational Nodong-1 missile systems to Iran in the foreseeable future, though sources claim that Iran is interested in acquiring both the Nodong-1 and -2 missiles.
—Martin Sieff, "N. Korean Missiles May Be Tested in Iran This Year," Washington Times, 16 June 1994, p. A13.

14 June 1994
Assistant Secretary of State Robert Pelletreau tells the U.S. House Foreign Affairs Committee, "North Korea has in the past delivered Scud-Bs and Scud-Cs, primarily to Iran and Syria. We're concerned about press reports and other intelligence [stating] that they might, at some point, sell the Nodong missile—with a much longer range than the Scud-B and -C."
—Martin Sieff, "N. Korean Missiles May Be Tested in Iran This Year; Pyongyang Seeks to Avoid Increasing International Criticism," Washington Times, 16 June 1994, p. A13.

16 June 1994
U.S. intelligence sources report that North Korea may test its Nodong-1 ballistic missile in Iran within the next 6 to 12 months.
—Martin Sieff, "N. Korean Missiles May Be Tested in Iran This Year; Pyongyang Seeks to Avoid Increasing International Criticism," Washington Times, 16 June 1994, p. A13; Chŏng Hae Yŏng, "Puk, Iran'sŏ Rodong 1 Ho Shihŏm Kanŭngsŏng/Mi Washington Times Podo," Chosun Ilbo, 17 June 1994, p. 7, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Shin Sang In, "Puk, Shinhyŏng Nodong 1 Ho Shilhŏmgyehoek/Bba'rŭmyŏn 6 Kaewŏlhu Iran'sŏ Shilshi," Segye Ilbo, 17 June 1994, p. 4, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

29 June 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says that Israel wants U.S. help to prevent Iran and Iraq from developing nuclear weapons and long-range ballistic missiles.
—Richard C. Barnard and Barbara Opall, "Israel Targets Iran Nuke Plans," Defense News, 10 July 1994, pp. 4, 29.

Mid to Late 1994
North Korea delivers either Nodong components or a small number of complete missiles to Iran.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, p. 25-26.

July 1994
Satellite images from the French SPOT satellite show a missile site in the mountains of Bakhtaran province in western Iran. According to the imagery, construction is well underway already. The site contains several underground bunkers and facilities joined by large-radius roads, built to facilitate the movement of the Shahab-3. Exiled Iranian groups with sources inside the country say Iran plans to field a brigade of 15 Shahab-3 missiles. The missiles will be assigned to the Al-Hadid Missile Brigade. Based on the satellite imagery, it appears that the Iranian missiles will be loaded on transporter-erector launchers (TELs), which will be kept underground until needed and then deployed to pre-surveyed sites where they can be quickly launched.
—Duncan Lennox, "Iran's ballistic missile projects: uncovering the evidence," Jane's Intelligence Review, June 1998.

July 1994
Iran and Syria are said to be co-developing low-priced cruise missiles, with Iran providing most of the funding.
—James Bruce, Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 July 1994, pp. 23-33, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

July 1994
Iran is reportedly funding North Korea's development of its 1000km-range Nodong missile, with the hopes of obtaining and extended-range ballistic missile capability.
—James Bruce, Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 July 1994, pp. 23-33, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, June 1994-September 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1995, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 133.

July 1994
Iran acquires 12 Tu-22 Backfire bombers armed with AS-6 anti-ship missiles from Russia.
—Malcolm R. Davis, Asia-Pacific Defence Reporter, Sep. 1994, pp. 11-12, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

July 1994
U.S. Department of Defense officials state that China is ready to deliver 10 fast-attack missile boats and an undisclosed number of 83km-range anti-ship missiles to Iran.
—Elaine Sciolino, "Iran's Problems Raising Doubts of Peril to US," New York Times, 5 July 1994, p. A1.

July 1994
United States intelligence reports say that Iranian Revolutionary Guards Corps (IRGC) members purchased an unspecified number of American-made Stinger anti-aircraft missiles in Afghanistan. The Stingers were later provided to Fuad Shukr, a representative of the Lebanese-based Islamic Jihad, which is believed to be responsible for a number of terrorist attacks against the United States and Israel. The reports indicate that the missiles from this deal did not work and may have been returned to the sellers. Iranian operatives subsequently tried to purchase more Stingers in Afghanistan, but it is not known whether they were successful.
—James Risen, "Report Says Iran Gave Terrorists U.S. Arms," New York Times, 12 January 2002, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

10 July 1994
During the G-7 summit in Naples, Italy, Boris Yeltsin offers assurances that he will consider cutting back arms sales to Iran.
—David Lauter and Carey Goldberg, "Clinton, Yeltsin Discuss Ending Iran Arms Sales; Summit: U.S. Officials are Optimistic. Cash-Strapped Russia Earns $1 Billion a Year on Weaponry for Tehran." Los Angeles Times, 28 September 1994, p. A8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

11 July 1994
Israeli Foreign Minister Shimon Peres tells the Knesset Foreign Affairs and Defense Committee that a reported sale of missiles from North Korea to Syria and Iran has been aborted at the last minute. North Korea denies sending missiles to Syria and Iran.
—Dan Izenberg, "Peres: North Korean Arms Sale Aborted," Jerusalem Post, 12 July 1994, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

30 July 1994
U.S. intelligence sources say that Iran has purchased 150 Scud-C missiles from North Korea.
—James Bruce, "Land of Crisis and Upheaval," Jane's Defence Weekly, 30 July 1994, pp. 23-33.

4 August 1994
Egypt's Al-Ahram newspaper quotes an Israeli radio broadcast as saying that North Korea has reached an agreement with Iran for the sale of Nodong-1 missiles. The report says that the United States provided this information to Israel, but the number of missiles is not revealed.
—"Rodong 1 Ho P'anmae/Puk, Iran'gwa Hap'ŭi," Chosun Ilbo, 5 August 1994, <http://www.chosun.com>.

September 1994
Iran reportedly acquires 12 Tu-22 Backfire bombers armed with AS-6 anti-ship missiles from Russia.
—Malcolm R. Davis, "Russia's Big Arms Sale Drive," Asia Pacific Defence Reporter, September 1994, pp. 11-12.

September 1994
U.S. Central Command Chief Vice Admiral Douglas J. Katz says that Iran received five Hegu fast attack craft (FAC) from China, but without anti-ship missiles. China had offered the C-801, but Iran wants the more sophisticated C-802 missile. The five FACs delivered are the first half of a total of 10 agreed to in a 1992 deal; a delivery date for the other craft has not yet been announced. [Note: the report of anti-ship missiles not being included in this shipment contradicts with the June-July report that the ships did include missiles.]
—Jane's Defence Weekly, 1 Oct. 1994, p. 6, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

4 September 1994
Assistant Secretary of State Robert Gallucci and Israeli Foreign Ministry Deputy Chief Eytan Bentzur discuss cooperative efforts to restrict North Korean exports of its Nodong-1 and -2 missiles to Iran.
—Yi Sang-sok, Chungang Ilbo, 6 Sep. 1994, p. 1, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, June 1994-September 1994," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Winter 1995, Vol. 2, No. 2, p. 133.

19 September 1994
Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) missile maneuvers, code-named Falaq-2, begin in the Persian Gulf and the Sea of Oman. Various sophisticated weapons, including advanced shore-to-sea missiles, are used during the maneuvers.
—"IRGC Begins Missile Maneuvers in Persian Gulf," Voice of the Islamic Republic of Iran First Program Network (Tehran), 19 September 1994; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-94-181, 19 September 1994, p. 70.

29 September 1994
Russian President Boris Yeltsin provides assurances to President Clinton that he will restrain sales of classified Russian military technology to Iran and other countries.
—Stephen Robinson, Daily Telegraph, 29 Sep. 1994; James Bruce, Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 October 1994, p. 2, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

October 1994
Jean-Charles Marchiani, a close associate of French Interior Minister Charles Pasqua, helps ship arms that are "probably" air-to-surface missiles to Iran. The weapons are supposedly shipped from an Algerian military base on a civilian Air Algerie aircraft to France, and then to Cyprus, where they are transferred to an Iranian aircraft. A batch of six missiles are dispatched to Cyprus with a ban on their re-export.
—David Buchan, "Pasqua Aide Linked to Iran Arms," Financial Times (London), 23 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/> cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, March 1995-June 1995," Nonproliferation Review, the Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Fall 1995, Vol. 3, No. 1, p. 161; David Buchan, "Pasqua targets missile claim," Financial Times (London), 24 March 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Missile denial," Herald (Glasgow), 31 March 1995, p. 8, in Lexis Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

October 1994
The French Ministry of Interior denies any transfer of air-to-ground missiles to Iran via Cyprus. The French magazine L'Express allegedly states that an Algerian cargo plane chartered to fly from Chateauroux, France to Boufarik, Algeria went instead to Cyprus with a shipment of air-to-ground missiles. The missiles were then put on another plane and shipped to Iran.
—"Rumors of Missile Delivery to Iran L'Express Story Summarized, Officially Denied," France-2 Television Network (Paris), 23 March 1995; in FBIS Document FTS19970508000799, 8 May 1997.

October 1994
U.S. President Bill Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin agree that Russia will cease arms sales to Iran. The arms ban is not expected to have an impact on Iran's ballistic missile program, as Iran's missile program relies heavily on Chinese and North Korean support.
—James Bruce, "Russia Agrees 'Arms Sales to Iran' Ban," Jane's Defence Weekly, 8 October 1994, p. 2.

October 1994
The Institute of Strategic Studies in London says that China supplies large quantities of conventional weapons to Iran. In one consignment, 20 CSS-8 surface-to-surface missiles are supplied. The CSS-8 solid-fuel missile has a 150km-range and 190kg warhead. Iran is the first country other than China to have the CSS-8.
—Nick Rufford, "China Defies US with Iran Nuclear Deal," Sunday Times, 15 October 1995, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; Executive News Service, 12 October 1994, cited in Reuter, 12 October 1994, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

October 1994
Iran deploys anti-aircraft missiles on its islands at the entrance to the Gulf, and insists that such actions are strictly for defense. Western military sources identify the island on which HAWK anti-aircraft missiles are deployed as Sirri Island. Officials report that the buildup includes SA-6 surface-to-air missiles. They also report that the islands being fortified are Abu Musa and the Tunb Islands, which are also claimed by the United Arab Emerites. Supposedly Iran is also deploying Silkworm missiles, HAWK missiles, and Seersucker anti-ship missiles on Qeshm.
—Laurent Maillard, "Ministry Spokesman Berates U.S. Report," Agence France-Presse, 1 March 1995; in FBIS Document FBIS-NES-95-041, 2 March 1995, p. 64; "Iran Says Missiles Defend It Against Attack by Israel," Washington Post, 2 March 1995, p. A24, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Iranian buildup in gulf has Pentagon worried," Atlanta Journal and Constitution, 23 March 1995, p. 11A, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; David Fairhall, "Gulf Build-up 'Defensive' Says Iran," Guardian (London), 24 March 1995, p. 17, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

October 1994
A reconnaissance satellite captures three Nodong-class missiles being assembled at an assembly site 25 miles north of Isfahan, Iran. An unidentified U.S. official says that the Iranian Nodong program with North Korea was halted in 1994 due to financial problems. This suspension was only temporary, and preparations for full-scale production and deployment of the Nodong continue.
—"U.S., Israel, Clash over 'Dual Containment'," Iran Brief, 5 December 1994, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

October 1994
In the most recent edition of "Military Balance," the International Institute for Strategic Studies reports that Iran has "around six" Scud missile launchers, fewer than previously believed.
—Executive News Service, 15 December 1994, cited in Reuters, 15 December 1994, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 175.

4 October 1994
In testimony before the U.S. Senate, Assistant Secretary of State Robert Pelletreau says that in recent high-level talks with North Korea, the United States has requested that North Korea stop its missile exports. Pelletreau also says that North Korea has been providing technology and exporting Scud-B and Scud-C missiles to Iran and Syria. [Note: High-level bilateral talks between the United States and North Korea to resolve the North Korean nuclear issue began on 8 July 1994, but the talks were postponed only hours later after the delegations received the news of Kim Il Sung's death. The talks resumed on 5 August 1994.]
—Chin Ch'ang Uk, "Missile Tae'oepanmae/Mi, Puk'e Chungjich'okku/Kowigŭp Hoedamsŏ," Joongang Ilbo, 5 October 1994, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr/>; Lee Kyŏng Hyŏng, "Pukhanje Scud Chungdongsuch'ul Chedong/Mijung Missile Kŭmsuhyŏpchŏng'ŭi Taebuk Yŏnghyang," Taehan Maeil, 6 October 1994, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 October 1994
Iranian Foreign Ministry spokesman Mahmoud Mohammadi comments on Russia's decision to cease arms sales to Iran: "If the Russians intend to deprive themselves of having access to such a market, it is up to them."
—"Iran Shrugs Off Russian Ban on New Arms Sales," Reuters, 11 October 1994, in Executive News Service, 12 October 1994.

27 October 1994
President Clinton and Russian President Boris Yeltsin open their fifth meeting in 18 months to discuss arms sales to Iran. Russia may agree to phase out its $1 billion annual arms sales to Iran. For Russia, weapons sales take on increasing importance, and Iran is a major customer, buying submarines, combat planes, and missile technology. The purchases worry the Clinton administration due to intelligence reports indicating that Iran has been pursuing nuclear technology. Earlier this summer at a meeting in Naples, Italy, Yeltsin offered assurances that he would at least consider cutting back sales to Iran. Until now, U.S. officials have seen no progress.
—David Lauter, "Clinton, Yeltsin Discuss Ending Iran Arms Sales; Summit: U.S. Officials are Optimistic. Cash-Strapped Russia Earns $1 Billion a Year on Weaponry for Tehran," Los Angeles Times, 28 September 1994, p. A8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

November 1994
Iran conducts missile maneuvers close to the Strait of Hormuz.
—Bakhtyar Nasser, "Iranian Submarines Alarms Neighbors," International Review, Autumn 1994, p. 7.

November 1994
Germany's intelligence services find that Iran is attempting to procure components for the indigenous production of Scud-B and Scud-C missiles. Iran's first indigenously produced Scud-B missiles should be operational in early 1995.
—Dietmar Seher, "Baghdad and Tehran Putting Out Feelers," Berliner Zeitung (Berlin), 15 December 1994, p. 2; in "Iraq, Iran Seeking Arms Technology," FBIS Document FBIS-WEU-94-243, 19 December 1994, pp. 17-18.

November 1994
The United States informs Israel that the Iranian-North Korean cooperation on surface-to-surface missiles has ceased. [Note: A few weeks later, Israel was informed by senior U.S. security officials that the cooperation had resumed.]
—David Makovsky, "Perry: Greater dialogue needed on Iranian threat," Jerusalem Post, 11 January 1995, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

November 1994
There is a growing international controversy over Japan's Overseas Development Aid (ODA) program for Iran. A top Iranian governmental official says that aid and restructuring of the ODA to Iran is necessary to make money more readily available for "other projects." Asahi Shimbun Daily explains that these other projects include "shipping guns and cash to overthrow Moslem governments, sending hitmen to murder exiled dissidents, developing missile technology, and financing Iran's global mischief."
—"Japan Continues to 'Feed Iranian Kitty'," Jerusalem Post, 9 November 1994, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

November 1994
A German Customs Intelligence (ZKA) document alleges that Iran is developing a cruise missile based on the Russian SSN-2 Styx anti-ship missile and a wide variety of ballistic missiles. Iran has had access to Styx technology through the purchase of Chinese Silkworm missiles. Iran has built four Silkworm sites on Abu Musa island. The document also says that Iran will be self-sufficient in producing Scud-B missiles "in the coming years," but is uncertain whether Iran would also produce the Scud-C. China and North Korea are said to be the most significant countries providing Iran with equipment, technology, raw materials, and manufacturing means for the development of solid- and liquid-fueled missiles.
—Alan George, Flight International, 16 November 1994, p. 17; Flight International, 23 November 1994, p. 21; both cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 175.

6 November 1994
Iran fires at least three Scud missiles across its border with Iraq into a camp used by exile MKO guerrillas. The Mujahideen report that Iran fires four Scud missiles. IRNA, quoting an Iraqi opposition group, says that at least eight explosions were heard from Asharf camp. Mohammad Mohaddessin, chairman of the foreign affairs committee of the Mujahideen-led National Council of Resistance of Iran, tells Reuters that the U.S. State Department had given "the green light" for the missile attack.
—Reuters, 6 November 1994; in "IV Quarter 1994: November," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, November 1994); "Iran Fires Rockets at Mojahedine Base," Washington Times, 7 November 1994, p. A16; "US Defense Officials," Aviation Week and Space Technology, 21 November 1994, p. 14.

9 November 1994
Iran fires at least three Scud missiles at the Mujahideen-e Khalq opposition group camps, the second attack in four days. The Mujahideen-e Khalq say that the missiles are launched from bases near Kermanshah. "The launching pads and nine ready-to-fire missiles remain in place at these locations."
—Reuters, 9 November 1994; in "IV Quarter 1994: November," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, November 1994).

14 November 1994
Intelligence sources report that Iran purchases military hardware abroad through the Iranian National Oil Co. and its Calgary-based subsidiary Kala Naft Canada, the Iran Telecommunications Corp., and the Iranian Ministry of the Interior, as well as through several research institutes and private universities. [Note: It is not clear from the article which intelligence service prepared the statement.]
—Stephen J. Hedges and Peter Cary with Eleni Dimmler and Kyrill Belianinov, "The Other Problem in the Persian Gulf," US News & World Report, 14 November 1994, pp. 87-88.

17 November 1994
German Customs Intelligence (ZKA) reports that Iran is making attempts to buy peripheral items, such as heating units, which, as well as being used in pesticide plants, have applications in the development of ballistic missiles. The ZKA documents also warn companies to be on their guard against Iranian approaches for chemicals that can be used to produce rocket fuel. Iran supposedly seeks fine-grained aluminum powder, ammonium perchlorate, and hydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene (HTPB). Exporters are warned to be on the alert for direct or indirect approaches from two Iranian state enterprises, believed to be acting as procurement agencies for Iran's Defense Industries Organization.
—"Secret German Documents on Iran," Jane's Foreign Report, 17 November 1994, <http://www.janesonline.com>.

18 November 1994
A U.S. District Judge sentences Iranian Jamshid Shafii to 27 months in prison and Briton Paul Murphy to 24 months in prison for a scheme to purchase 54 Stinger missiles and smuggle them to Iran through Cyprus.
—"Two Sentenced for Scheme to Export Missile," Miami Herald, 18 November 1994, p. B1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

23 November 1994
A senior Israeli official responds to reports that Syria and Iran have begun assembly of North Korean Scud-C missiles with a 310-mile range, saying "Syria and Iran [are] also receiving the equipment to manufacture the entire missile themselves."
—Washington Times, 24 November 1994, p. A11, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 176.

December 1994
Iran purchases Scud-Cs from North Korea and helps finance North Korea's 1,000km Nodong-1 missile. Iran may also be financing North Korea's development of the 1,500km Nodong-2. A recent report by the U.S. Congressional Research Service finds that Iran has ordered 150 Nodongs as part of an agreement that includes co-production in Iran.
—James Hackett, "Answer to Iran's Threat," Jerusalem Post, 6 December 1994, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

December 1994
A senior Russian Foreign Ministry official says that Russia "does not intend to cut down military deliveries to Iran in the near future."
—Radio Rossii Network (Moscow), 11 December 1994, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 177.

7 December 1994
Israeli Deputy Defense Minister Mordechai Gur says that North Korea and Iran may be jointly producing "long-range" missiles that could strike Israel. Gur also says, "We know the Iranians are in contact with North Korea to purchase and produce together a missile that can reach the range of 1,300km, maybe a little farther." [Note: Gur is referring to the Nodong or the Shahab-3.]
—"Gur: Iran May Be making Long-Range Missiles," Jerusalem Post, 8 December 1994, p. 12, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>; "Iran Denies Missile Cooperation With North Korea," Reuters, 19 February 1995, in Executive News Service, 20 February 1995.

13 December 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin, addressing journalists at the Japan Press Club, says, "It is true that North Korea has supplied ground-to-ground missiles to Syria and Iran, but it has also helped them to produce such missiles as well."
—"Rabin Says N. Korea Exports Scud Missiles to Iran," Executive News Service, 15 December 1994.

15 December 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says that North Korea supplies Iran and Syria with Scud surface-to-surface missiles with a range of 500km in addition to other military technologies. He says that North Korea is developing the Nodong missile with Iranian financial assistance.
—Reuters, 15 December 1994; in "IV Quarter 1994: December," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, December 1994).

15 December 1994
The German economics ministry reports that Iran is trying to buy weapons technology in Germany for building Scud missiles. "We have given firms a sort of 'early warning' that attempts to procure this technology are being made."
—Reuters, "Iran Said Seeking Scud Know-How in Germany," 15 December 1994; in "IV Quarter 1994: December," Gulf/2000 Project (New York: School of International and Public Affairs [SIPA], Columbia University, December 1994).

16 December 1994
Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin says it was a mistake to hold talks with North Korea in Beijing last year in an effort to persuade North Korea to stop missile exports to the Middle East. He says that instead of trying to solve the problem, "North Korea tried to fool Israel. Rabin reveals that North Korea demanded $1 billion to stop the sales, and he claims that Iran has provided North Korea with hundreds of millions of dollars to produce missiles with longer ranges. [Note: The talks were held in June 1993.]
—"Rabin: Earlier Talks with N. Korea over Missiles Were 'Major Mistake'," Jerusalem Post, 18 December 1994, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://www.lexis-nexis.com/>.

16 December 1994
Israel's Ha'aretz reports that North Korea agreed to test its Nodong missile in Iran, per an Iranian request. The missile's internal systems will be evaluated, but it will not be tested to its full 1300km range.
—Eytan Rabin and Aluf Ben, Ha'aretz (Tel Aviv), 16 December 1994, p. A1, cited in "Ballistic, Cruise Missile, and Missile Defense Systems: Trade and Significant Developments, October 1994-February 1995," Nonproliferation Review, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, Spring-Summer 1995, Vol. 2, No. 3, p. 176.

Late 1994 or Early 1995
Iran receives four or more Hwasong-6 (Scud-C) transporter-erector launchers (TELs) from North Korea, possibly via air shipment. A Nodong mobile-erector launcher (MEL) may be included.
—Joseph S. Bermudez, Jr., "A History of Ballistic Missile Development in the DPRK," Occasional Paper No. 2, Center for Nonproliferation Studies, November 1999, pp. 18-19, 26.

Mid-1990s
Iran acquires about 125 C-802 cruise missiles from China. Iran ordered about 250 of the missiles, but China suspends the sales after the U.S. demands a halt to the sales in 1996. Iran and North Korea are later reported to be jointly developing a copy the missile in February 2000.
—Kyodo News Service, 16 February 2000, in "Sankei Shimbun: DPRK, Iran Jointly Developing Missile," FBIS Document ID JPP20000217000006.

	Updated May 2006