1994
Russia, Iraq, and Techmashimport sign an agreement to construct petrochemical and biotechnological plants in Iraq. [Techmashimport is a Russian trading company.]
--Jamie Dettmer, "Russia Becomes Saddam's Military Superstore," Insight on the News, 15 March 1999, p. 6.

1994
Iraq succeeds in testing the first prototype of an integrated air and missile defense system. The Iraqi leadership orders 50 units. Twelve of the units go to Baghdad Air Defense Command, eight are stationed in Baghdad, and four are placed in Habaniyya.
--"Strategic Projects of the Iraqi Military Industrialisation Organisation," Iraqi National Congress, 9 September 1997, <http://www.inc.org.uk/>.

1994
The leaders of three Romanian military companies--Aerofina, Romtehnica, and GIA-RA--begin negotiations with the Iraqi Military Industry Ministry regarding the sale of weapons parts to Iraq, including missile components and raw materials.
--"Romania Admits to Arms Negotiations with Iraq in 1994," CNN, 3 December 1998; in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
The Tel Aviv daily newspaper Yedioth Aharonoth reports that Baghdad receives surface-to-air anti-tank missiles from Bulgaria.
--Konstantin Kapitonov, "How Iraq Is Circumventing UN Sanctions," Moscow News, 10 June 1994; in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

1994
Saddam Hussein appeals to West European companies in an attempt to procure the latest electronic equipment for the Iraqi Air Force. Hussein also instructs his experts to speed up their research on ballistic missiles.
--Konstantin Kapitonov, "How Iraq Is Circumventing UN Sanctions," Moscow News, 10 June 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

January 1994
Iraq imports a large vacuum furnace, which it claims was ordered prior to the adoption of United Nations Security Council Resolution (SCR) 687. [NOTE: Iraq later states the vacuum furnace was procured for use in the production of engines for Al-Hussein missiles.]
--United Nations, "Report on Status of Disarmament and Monitoring," S/1999/94, 29 January 1999, <http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/unscmdoc.htm/>.

15 January 1994
Iraq submits a 1,000-page document regarding its industrial establishments to the United Nations Special Commission (UNSCOM). This document intends to provide "baseline information" to UNSCOM for its monitoring activities. However, UNSCOM charges that the declaration remains incomplete and that Iraq continues to obtain information, including in regard to the expenditure of Scud-derivative missiles and suppliers of components for missile production.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S/1994/750, 24 June 1994; "Leading U.N. Weapons Inspector Ends Visit to Iraq," Xinhua News Agency, 26 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

19 January 1994
According to US officials, Iraq still possesses up to 20 Al-Hussein missiles that are allegedly hidden in bunkers. Iraqi officials claim that Iraq destroyed all remaining missiles or turned them over to UN officials for destruction. However, UNSCOM inspectors say that they are unable to substantiate the Iraqi claim.
--Jim Anderson, "Iraq Makes Amazing Military Comeback," The Washington Times, 19 January 1994, p. A19.

21-29 January 1994
UNSCOM-66/BM20 (Ballistic Missile Group 20) visits a number of research, development, and industrial facilities as mandated by the UN's Plan for Monitoring and Verification. The team updates data collected by previous inspection teams regarding Iraq's missile research and development programs, and examines issues related to Iraq's reporting about facilities that UNSCOM will monitor according to the plan. The team also conducts a preliminary survey for possible application of appropriate monitoring sensors and technologies. Iraq provides the team with a detailed update of its current missile programs pertaining to surface-to-surface missiles (SSMs) with a range greater than 50km.
--United Nations, "Report of the Secretary-General on the Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the Ongoing Monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)," S/1994/489, 22 April 1994.

February 1994
Iraq agrees to hand over documentation to UNSCOM regarding the use and of prohibited missiles prior to the adoption of UN SCR 687. This documentation covers the period of time from 1977 through December 1990, and it accounts for approximately three-quarters of all Iraqi missiles that SCR 687 prohibits and Iraq declared.
--United Nations, "Report of the Secretary General on the Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the ongoing monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section C of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)," S/1994/489, 22 April 1994.

17-25 February 1994
UNSCOM-69/BM21 assesses Iraq's dual-purpose industrial capabilities for missile production.
--United Nations, "Report of the Secretary-General on the Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the Ongoing Monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)," S/1994/489, 22 April 1994.

21 February-2 March 1994
An Iraqi delegation visiting Romania meets with Deputy Prime Minister Dam Mirja Bobsco regarding Iraq's procurement of tractors and harvesters.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

26 February 1994
The Iranian News Agency quotes the Supreme Assembly of the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SAIRI) as claiming that Iraq provided the Iranian rebel group, Mujahedeen-e-Khalq in Iraq, with four ground-to-air missile launching pads, Katyusha rockets, tanks, and radar equipment.
--"Iraq Equips Iranian Rebels with Weapons: Iraqi Opposition," Agence France Presse, 26 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

28 February 1994
Iraq signs a protocol with the Romanian company GIA-RA at the Aerofina plant. The protocol is for cooperation in aviation and space, as well as guidance systems technology for fuel and firing systems, actuating systems and aircraft engines, safe protection systems, tank and anti-aircraft techniques, military navigation systems, raw and other materials. In addition, an agreement is made to cooperate in the manufacturing and repair of anti-aircraft missiles with a range of less than 150km, tanks, military navigation systems, navigation and gyro systems, "in conformity with international regulations imposed for Iraq."
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

14 March 1994
The Iraqi delegation led by General Amir Rashid, head of Military Industrialization Organization, begins talks with Rolf Ekeus, the UN envoy in charge of dismantling and monitoring weapons systems, concerning a monitoring plan and the lifting of sanctions. Ekeus says that it would take six months of ensuring Iraq's full compliance with resolutions before he could recommend the lifting of sanctions.
--"UN, Iraq Begin New Talks," Associated Press, 14 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

17 March 1994
UNSCOM limits the diameter of the Ababil-100 to 500mm.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

17 April 1994
Anton Eyerle, head of the Rhein-Bayern Fahrzeugbau engineering company in Keufbeur, Germany, is on trial for illegally shipping Scud and Styx anti-ship missile fuses to Iraq before and after the 1990 invasion of Kuwait. Eyerle denies the allegations and claims the fuses were part of his company's development of an agricultural dehydration system.
--Fred Studemann, "German Arms Laws on Trial," The Sunday Telegraph, 17 April 1994.

22 April 1994
Al-Karama Center is split from the Ibn Al-Haytham Center. General Raad is appointed as the director general of Al-Karama Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

May 1994
According to Iraqi declarations, a number of components and samples of proscribed missile gyroscopes are removed from Iraq.
--United Nations, "Report on Status of Disarmament and Monitoring," S/1999/94, 29 January 1999, <http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/unscmdoc.htm/>.

May 1994
Iraq maintains several missile design teams and range facilities. It is possible that Iraq continues the Ababil program. [NOTE: The Ababil program is a 1988 cruise missile design apparently based on a target drone system.]
--Duncan Lennox, "Cruise: A Missile for The 90s," Jane's Defence Weekly, 7 May 1994, pp. 19-20.

5 May 1994
Wi'am Gharbiyah, a Palestinian from Gaza who operated a trade office in Baghdad and conducted business in Russia, concludes a $650,000 contract with Salahadin State Establishment in Iraq for Igla missile systems.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

10-22 or 24 June 1994
UNSCOM-80/BM24 tags more than 1,300 operational missiles systems as directed by the UN's Plan for Ongoing Monitoring and Verification. The plan provides for monitoring of missiles with a range greater than 50km that are designed for use, or capable of being modified for use, in a surface-to-surface role.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S/1994/750, 24 June 1994.

July-August 1994
Iraq receives the first delivery of sub-assemblies and raw materials for missile production from Romania.
--"Romania Admits to Abortive Arms Deal with Iraq, Says Officials Sacked," Agence France Presse, 3 December 1998, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

19 July 1994
A German court finds businessman Anton Eyerle guilty of selling components to Iraq for use in building weapons including medium-range Scud-B missiles. [NOTE: Eyerle's company, Rhein-Bayern Fahrzeugbau, sold arms worth up to 30 million Deutsche marks between 1987 and 1990. Another Eyerle company, Avionic Dittel, supplied impact fuses to Iraq for 1,000 missiles.]
--"German Gets 5 Years for Selling Scud Missile Components to Iraq," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 July 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

August 1994
Iraq "openly" starts working on short-range missiles such as the Ababil-100, which has a range of approximately 150 kilometers.
--Thomas Ricks, "Iraq Tests Short-Range Missile; U.S. Monitors Flight and Says It Doesn't Violate U.N. Restrictions," The Washington Post, 1 July 2000, p. A10.

1 August 1994
UNSCOM establishes the Baghdad Monitoring and Verification Center in order to monitor Iraq's design, testing, and production of permitted missile systems and related dual-purpose items. Rolf Ekeus, chief executive of UNSCOM's dismantling and monitoring weapons systems, declares that the ongoing monitoring and verification system is "provisionally" operational.
--United Nations, "Eighth Report under Resolution 687," S/1994/1422/Add. 1, 15 December 1994.

14 August 1994
Romanian company GIA-RA signs a contract to provide Iraq with liquid propellant engine valves. The contract is valued at $48,750. Production is to take place at the Romanian state-run Aerofina plant. The items to be produced include a seat I, a needle, a seat II, two types of sealing ring, four types of o-rings, two types of bodies, and three types of plungers and plunger seats. The Romanians are to produce 250 pieces per item except for the needle and one type of sealing ring. Items such as the pin and body of the regulator valve, and the plunger and body of reducer valve, are intended for use with the Ababil-100 missile.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

25 August 1994
Palestinian-Jordanian businessman Wi'am Gharbiyah signs a contract with Modher al-Sadiq, director of the Ibn Al-Haytham Missile Center, to provide raw materials and standard electronic parts. These transfers are worth more than $12.7 million and $1.6 million respectively. Also, Modher agrees to pay Gharbiyah $3.9 million if he is able to supply certain specific missile technology items, such as precision guidance instruments. [NOTE: This purchase order appears to be linked to Modher's efforts to produce a new, more accurate and possibly longer range version of the Ababil-100 missile.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>; David Hoffman, "Iraq Sought Russian Arms Technology; Probe Details Moscow Deal For Missile Equipment in '94," The Washington Post, 18 October, 1998, p. A4.

September 1994
High-level talks occur between Iraq and UNSCOM. Iraq continues to insist that all documents related to its past prohibited activities were destroyed. The issues related to past proscribed missile programs include the need for an accounting of certain missile components; identification of all equipment and items procured for, or used in, proscribed activities; and full disclosure of the foreign assistance that Iraq received from a number of countries.
--United Nations, "Eighth Report under Resolution 687," S/1994/1422/Add. 1, 15 December 1994.

September 1994
Forty-one monitoring cameras, installed by UNSCOM at 15 sites related to missiles or associated dual-use technology, become operational.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/1995/284, 10 April 1995.

1 September 1994
Palestinian-Jordanian businessman Wi'am Gharbiyah signs a contract worth $2.21 million to provide raw materials to the Al-Karama Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

17 September 1994
Al M. Harb, a Jordanian-born naturalized US citizen, is found guilty of circumventing a US trade embargo with Iraq. Harb illegally procured and exported technology, machinery, spare parts, and other goods, which experts say were probably intended for use in Iraq's efforts to rebuild advanced weapons systems.
--Daniel Southerland, "Va. Man Convicted of Iraq Shipments," The Washington Post, 17 September 1994, p. C5.

24 September 1994
Reports indicate that Iraq works on proscribed missile programs despite UN restrictions.
--"German Firms Allegedly Involved in Shady Mideast Arms Deal," Deutsche Press-Agentur, 24 September 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

26 September 1994
US officials say that Iraq continues to rebuild its weapons arsenal and hides stockpiles of intermediate-range Scud missiles from UNSCOM inspectors.
--Sid Balman, Jr., "CIA: Saddam Building and Hiding Weapons," United Press International, 26 September 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

2 October 1994
Romanian companies Modern Technology and Aerofina prepare a contract to provide liquid propellant engine valves. [NOTE: Aerofina signs the contract on 7 January 1995.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

Late 1994
Romanian aerospace company Aerofina signs a contract with Iraq for the "possible" delivery of equipment for missiles to Iraq.
--"Romania Admits to Abortive Arms Deal with Iraq, Says Officials Sacked," Agence France Presse, 3 December 1998; in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

11 October 1994
Iraq moves ground-to-ground missiles, tanks, troops, and heavy artillery into a number of frontline positions, including in Kirkuk and Chamchamal. The deployments are supervised by the Minister of Military Industrialization Hussein Kamel and Interior Minister Watban al-Tikriti.
--Ian Black, "Iraq Sets Its Sights on Kurd North," The Guardian (London), 11 October 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

12 October 1994
According to the 1994-95 annual report from the Institute for International Strategic Studies, Iraq is estimated to possess 250 multiple rocket launchers.
--"IISS Estimate of Iraq's Military Strength," Agence France Presse, 12 October 1994; in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

17 October 1994
Iraq agrees to allow UNSCOM to implement a provisional system for the long-term monitoring of its non-proscribed weapons program.
--Randa Habib, "Iraqis Struggle to Survive. Fear the Worst," Agence France Presse, 12 October, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

19-22 October 1994
UN Special Monitoring Group (MG2A) assists Monitoring Group-2 with their monitoring and verification activities. Iraq complies with UNSCOM requests to bring forward various missiles.
--United Nations, "Eighth Report under Resolution 687," S/1994/1422/Add. 1, 15 December 1994.

26 October 1994
Ekeus says that UNSCOM is able to account for each of the 819 Scuds that Iraq acquired from the former Soviet Union, including those used during the war with Iran and the 1991 Persian Gulf War. However, the US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) believes that Iraq started out with nearly 900 Scuds, not 819. Ekeus also says that UNSCOM eliminated all of Iraq's long-range missiles.
--Robert Burns, "U.N. Says All Iraqi Scuds Gone; CIA Says Some Remain," Associated Press, 27 October 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

Late 1994
UNSCOM obtains information that Iraq resumed acquisition efforts related to its missile facilities. The Iraqi regime "placed a number of orders, both directly and indirectly (through middlemen and front companies), for the purchase of equipment, technologies, supplies and material for both missile- and non-missile-related activities at these facilities. Iraq explains that many of these efforts are in direct support of its Ababil-100 program for indigenous development and production of surface-to-surface missiles with ranges between 100 and 150 kilometers."
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/1995/864, 17 December 1995.

Late 1994
AT&T transfers advanced telecommunications technology, with a variety of both battlefield and civilian applications, to Galaxy New Technology in China by way of the SC&M Brooks firm in St. Louis. This transfer is known as the Hua Mei project. In turn, the Chinese may repackage the same system for sale to Iraq for use with Iraq's air-defense system. [NOTE: This fiber-optic technology sold to Galaxy New Technology is not a weapon itself, but it greatly enhances the command and control system linking the Chinese army, navy, and air force.]
--Charles Smith, "A Sale to Red China We Will One Day Regret," Insight on the News, 31 May 1999.

November 1994
German intelligence agency Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND) finds that Iraq attempted to procure components for indigenous production of Scud-B and Scud-C type missiles. [NOTE: Iraq's first indigenously produced Scud-Bs are expected to become operational in early 1995.]
--Berliner Zeitung (Berlin), 15 December 1994, p.2; in "Iraq, Iran Seeking Arms Technology," FBIS-WEU-94-243, 19 December 1994, pp. 17-18.

November 1994
The Mars Rotor Plant, a Russian company, agrees to provide manufacturing equipment for Iraq's missile guidance system. The company also agrees to send Russian experts to Baghdad in order to certify the equipment and provide training. Russian firm NPO Energomash agrees to provide Iraq with a complete rocket engine with a four-ton thrust, as well as design calculations, final design, and five complete samples of a propulsion system for a "communication satellite" in which the size matches the payload specifications for an intermediate-range Scud derived missile. NPO Energomash also agrees to train the Iraqis in the design, production, and testing of modern rocket engines, and to enter into a project for the joint design a rocket engine.
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

December 1994
Iraq admits that it received proscribed Scud missile gyroscope components until the fall of 1991.
--United Nations, "Second Report under Resolution 1051,"S/1996/848, 11 October 1996.

End of 1994 or Early 1995
Iraqi General Hussein Kamel orders production of a small satellite launcher based on the Volga engine with a 50-km payload. It is to be a multi-stage space launch vehicle capable of placing a small satellite into an extremely low orbit.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; United Nations, "Final Compendium," S/1999/94, 25 January 1999.

2-6 December 1994
Special Monitoring Group 2B assists Monitoring Group 2 with verifying that Iraq does not modify operational missiles. The team ascertains that Iraq performed no modifications to increase the range of those missiles.
--United Nations, "Eighth Report under Resolution 687," S/1994/1422/Add. 1, 15 December 1994.

14 December 1994
UNSCOM-102/BM30 finds the radar system for ballistic missiles. The team also discovers evidence that Iraq withheld documents related to the equipment and components used in weapons production.
--United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051," S/1996/258, 11 April 1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715," S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994; "U.N. Inspectors Find Evidence Iraq Hid Radar System Equipment," Associated Press, 16 December 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

14 December 1994
US authorities arrest the US-based import and export agent Storm Kheem for allegedly organizing an illicit shipment of ammonium perchlorate, a missile fuel component, in 1993. Kheem allegedly sent the shipment from the Chinese Chemical Import-Export Corporation of Guangdong to Zeid Khorma, an Iraqi government purchasing agent in Jordan.
--"Feds Arrest Man for Smuggling Fuel Component to Iraq," Associated Press Worldstream, 14 December 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "New Yorker Arrested for Export to Iraq," United Press International, 14 December 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; "New York Trader Nabbed for Iraq Shipment," Export Control News, 30 December 1994, p. 14.

Late 1994
Iraq begins the design of the four-chamber pump.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

	Updated August 2005