1993
Iraq attempts to procure critical items for gyroscope instruments.
--United Nations, "Report on Status of Disarmament and Monitoring," S/1999/94, 29 January 1999, <http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/unscmdoc.htm/>.

1993
A facility which was involved in the production of missile gyroscope instruments receives orders to resume its work and to produce proscribed missile gyroscope instruments. [NOTE: Iraq later states that this effort was very short lived but it provides no evidence to support this.]
--United Nations, "Report on Status of Disarmament and Monitoring," S/1999/94, 29 January 1999, <http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/unscmdoc.htm/>.

1993
An Iraqi delegation led by Amad Hasam Amin visits Moscow. Amin is the director of Iraq's surface-to-surface missile (SSM) Project 144. [NOTE: Project 144 focuses on the modification and production of Scud missile systems along with the supplementary Project 1728 for indigenous Scud engine development and production. Project 144 is assigned to the Iraqi defense organization, Al Qa-Qa State Establishment in Baghdad.]
--Jamie Dettmer, "Russia Becomes Saddam's Military Superstore," Insight on the News, 15 March 1999, p.6.

3 January 1993
Iraq conducts the first Ababil-100/J-1 flight test. [NOTE: J-1 is a secret SSM production project based on the Volga/SA-2 surface-to-air missile (SAM). The project focuses on modifying its engine and guidance and control system.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

4-5 January 1993
Iraq moves Soviet-made anti-aircraft missiles (SA-2 and SA-3) into areas bordering a southern "no-fly" zone.
--"U.S. Concerned about Iraq's Movement of Missile near 'No-Fly' Zone," Xinhua News Agency, 5 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Stephen Robinson and Anton La Gurardia, "Washington Warns Iraq over Ban on UN flights," Daily Telegraph, 11 January, 1993, p.8, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; United States Information Agency: US Policy on Iraq, <http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/iraq/>.

6 January 1993
The United States, Britain, France, and Russia give Iraq a 48-hour ultimatum to remove its anti-aircraft batteries positioned inside the "no-fly" zone in southern Iraq. The United States also makes clear that it will not issue any further warning if Iraq continues to violate the demarche.
--"Iraq Warned to Remove Missiles Immediately," Agence France Presse, 6 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; George Bush, "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on Iraq's Compliance With United Nations Security Council Resolutions," 19 January 1993, <http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/papers/1993/>.

7 January 1993
In response to the Coalition ultimatum, the Iraqi ambassador to the United Nations asserts the sovereignty of Iraq and declares the right to deploy defenses on any part of its soil. Ambassador Hamdun gives no definitive response regarding compliance with the ultimatum. Iraq also notifies UNSCOM that UN aircraft are no longer allowed to use Habanniyah airport.
--George Bush, "Letter to Congressional Leaders Reporting on Iraq's Compliance With United Nations Security Council Resolutions," 19 January 1993, <http://bushlibrary.tamu.edu/papers/1993>; William J. Clinton, "Status report on Iraq's non-compliance with U.N. resolutions," U.S. Department of State Dispatch, 5 April 1993, <http://proquest.umi.com/>.

8 January 1993
Bad weather prevents Coalition forces from obtaining conclusive verification of Iraqi compliance with the 48-hour ultimatum to remove anti-aircraft missiles from the "no-fly" zone. However it appears that some missile batteries have been dismantled. Iraq announces that it will not allow UN inspectors to use their aircrafts to conduct inspections of Iraqi military installations. UN inspectors must use Iraqi aircraft.
--"Chronology: Iraq," The Middle East Journal, Vol. 47 (Spring 1993), pp. 322-327; UNSCOM Chronology of Main Events, <http://www.un.org/>.

9 January 1993
The Iraqi leadership urges its people to prepare for a war against the United States and allied forces, which have demanded the removal of missiles from southern Iraq. However, US officials state that Iraq has complied with the January 6th ultimatum to remove anti-aircraft missiles from the "no-fly" zone in the south. An Iraqi spokesman, in a statement carried by the Iraqi News Agency denies that Iraq agreed to comply.
--Eileen Alt Powell, "Iraq Watched after Reportedly Moving Missiles," Associated Press, 9 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Iraq Denies It Backed down, Says Bush Seeking Easy Way out," Associated Press, 10 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

10 January 1993
Iraq conducts a static test on a modified SA-2/Volga engine at the Rafah test facility. The test is reported to be a failure.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

10 January 1993
Iraq conducts the second Ababil-100/J-1 flight test.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

10 January 1993
Approximately 200 Iraqi soldiers cross the border between Iraq and Kuwait and seize weapons, including four Chinese-made Silkworm missiles from six ammunition bunkers located on the Kuwaiti side of the border. Those weapons are left over from the Persian Gulf War.
--"Iraqis Cross into Kuwait, Retrieve Weapons," United Press International, 10 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

10-17 January 1993
A stand-off takes place between the Iraqi government and UN inspectors over Iraq's refusal to allow inspectors to monitor two missile test sites south of Baghdad.
--United States Information Agency: U.S. Policy on Iraq, <http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/iraq/>.

11 January 1993
Iraq deploys an SA-2 missile battery near the Saddam hydroelectric dam, approximately 40 km north of the city of Mosul and well within the northern "no-fly" zone. Iraq also deploys additional SA-3 batteries closer to Mosul and in the southern "no-fly" zone near Talil air base.
--"Chronology: Iraq," The Middle East Journal, Vol. 47 (Spring 1993), pp. 322-327.

13 January 1993
More than 100 British, French, and US planes strike missile battery and radar stations near Al-Amara, Basra, Najaf, Samawa, and the Talil air base. US warplanes destroy only one of the four Iraqi SAM batteries targeted. During the Coalition attack, Iraqi forces fire at least four SAMs.
--Michael R. Gordon, "Some Iraqi Missile Sites Damaged, U.S. Says, Calling Raid a Success," New York Times, 15 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Chronology: Iraq," Middle East Journal, Vol. 47 (Spring 1993), pp. 322-327.

14 January 1993
In assessing the damage caused by the previous day's attack, the Pentagon reports allied warplanes destroyed only one of four Iraqi SAM batteries targeted.
--Michael R. Gordon, "Some Iraqi Missile Sites Damaged, U.S. Says, Calling Raid a Success," New York Times, 15 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Chronology: Iraq," Middle East Journal, Vol. 47 (Spring 1993), pp. 322-327.

17 January 1993
An Iraqi SA-6 anti-aircraft missile radar near the city of Mosul in the northern "no-fly" zone locks on a US Air Force F-4G. The F-4G hits Iraqi anti-aircraft missile sites.
--"Chronology of Latest UN-Iraq Confrontation," Associated Press, 17 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

18 January 1993
US Air Force planes bomb an Iraqi anti-aircraft artillery site and fire missiles at an air defense radar in northern Iraq. US and UK warplanes strike air defense control sites in the southern "no-fly" zone below the 32nd parallel. These sites contain early warning radars, communication systems, and other parts of an air defense network.
--Robert Burns, "Air Force Planes Restrike Iraqi Air Defenses," Associated Press, 18 January 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

23 January 1993
UNSCOM-48 Interim Monitoring Team 1a (IMT-1a) arrives in Baghdad. Its monitoring activities aim at deterring Iraq from launching covert programs in prohibited missile system.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S/1994/750, 24 June 1994.

23 January 1993
UNSCOM-48/IMT-1a observes a missile research base approximately 20 km north of Baghdad until Iraq agrees to a long-term monitoring agreement.
--"Iraq Resists Demand for Extended Oversight," Washington Times, 30 January 1993, p. A8.

January 1993
CIA Director Robert Gates informs Congress that Iraq possesses approximately 150 ballistic missiles that can reach targets in Saudi Arabia, Israel, and Turkey.
--"Does Iraq Have The Bomb?" Mednews, 25 January 1993, pp. 1-3.

25 January 1993
Iraq rebuilds its conventional weapons plants and dual-use facilities including the Badr complex at Al Yusufiah, which continues to manufacture CNC tools under a West German license. At the Al-Amil plant, Iraq continues to manufacture liquid nitrogen under a German license. [NOTE: Liquid nitrogen is used for "cryogenic rocket fuels" and as the electromagnetic isotope separation process (EMIS) diffusion pump coolant.]
--"Does Iraq Have The Bomb?" Mednews, 25 January 1993, pp. 1-3.

25 January 1993
UNSCOM-48/IMT-1a visits the Ibn Al-Haytham Research and Design Center and the Rafah site.
--Nizar Hamdoon, "Information Bulletin on the Measures Taken by Iraq In Implementation Of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) During the Month Of March 1993," UN Security Council Document, 6 April 1993; Jeffrey Smith, "U.N. Team Sets Daily Inspections at Iraqi Missile Research Center," Washington Post, 27 January 1993, p. A.16; United Nations, "Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the ongoing Monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section C of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991); Report of the Secretary-General," S/25260, 19 April 1993.

Late January 1993
UNSCOM determines that Iraq develops approximately a half-dozen new types of short-range ballistic missiles and experiments with the Silkworm cruise missile.
--Jeffrey Smith, "U.N. Team Sets Daily Inspections at Iraqi Missile Research Center," The Washington Post, 27 January 1993, p. A.16.

Late January 1993
Iraqi scientists at the Ibn Al-Haytham facility work on propellants, guidance system, and other missile components.
--Jeffrey Smith, "U.N. Team Sets Daily Inspections at Iraqi Missile Research Center," The Washington Post, 27 January 1993, p. A.16.

25 January 1993
UN officials inform the Iraqi government that daily inspections would immediately begin at the Ibn Al-Haytham research center and will continue indefinitely because of concerns regarding missile-related activities at the facility.
--Jeffrey Smith, "U.N. Team Sets Daily Inspections at Iraqi Missile Research Center," The Washington Post, 27 January 1993, p. A.16.

26 January-23 March 1993
UNSCOM-48/IMT-1a inspects the significant amount of ongoing activities in Iraq on solid propellant missile systems and related technologies at the Ibn Al-Haytham missile research center. The center employs a significant number of scientists previously employed in Iraq's now proscribed ballistic missile programs. Iraq declares this center to be its principal facility for research and development of missiles with a range of less than 150 km.
--United Nations, "Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the ongoing Monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section C of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)," S/25620, 19 April 1993; United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051," S/1996/258, 11 April 1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715," S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994; "Al Haytham/Al Hatim," Federation of American Scientists, <http://www.fas.org/>.

29 January 1993
UNSCOM-48/IMT-1a stays in Baghdad to observe a missile research base 20 km north of Baghdad.
--Nabila Megalli, "Iraq Still Refuses Key Weapons Monitoring," Associated Press, 29 January 1993.

February 1993
Ibn Al-Haytham Center employs 350 people. It is anticipated that the number will increase to 1,000. There are currently 60 engineers with the total projected staff of engineers to be 300.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

February 1993
Iraq provides a detailed list of Hawk launchers, missiles, and radars. [NOTE: Previously, Iraq included only the Hawk missiles on the list of items to be returned, although Kuwait possessed 12 to 24 improved Hawk launchers prior to the Iraqi invasion. Western intelligence agencies indicate that Iraq was "examining setting up" the improved Hawks, and the Iraqi military has been periodically detected turning on the Hawk radar in an attempt to understand how it works.]
--"Iraq Vows to Return Weapons," Defense News, 15 February 1993, pp.3-4.

February 1993
Ibn Al-Haytham Center has six "preliminary concept designs" for the Ababil-100. The designs include four solid rocket motors (SRM) and two liquid propellant engines (LPE). Iraq places emphasis on an LPE version, but it may take SRM and LPE engines through the prototype phase.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

February 1993
Iraq reportedly works on extending the performance of HY-2 (Silkworm anti-ship missiles). Reverse-engineering of HY-2 JATO to retro-fit onto a C-601 airframe is also in progress. [NOTE: The reverse-engineering would allow Iraq to use modified SAMs as Surface to Surface Missiles.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

February 1993
Iraq tells UNSCOM-48/IMT-1a that it attempted to produce Volga/SA-2 oxygen tanks, but to date have been unsuccessful.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

February 1993
Balat Al-Shuhada (Rashid), Nasser, and Al Qa-Qa operate independently from the Ibn Al-Haytham Center. The Nasser State Establishment will likely be a missile airframe and major components manufacturer.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

12 February 1993
A UN ballistic missile search team designated UNSCOM-50/BM15 arrives in Iraq.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993.

13 February 1993
UNSCOM-50/BM15 visits the Taji military camp where Iraq previously constructed Scud missiles to check whether Iraq secretly stores or produces proscribed missiles. Iraq reportedly still has 100 to 200 missiles.
--Reuters, 13 February 1993 in Leon Barkho, "U.N. Team in Iraq Visits Former Scud Missile Site," Executive News Service, 15 February 1993; "U.N. Missile Team Is Greeted Frostily on Mission to Iraq," The New York Times, 13 February 1993, p. 4.

13-21 February 1993
UNSCOM-50/BM15 visits 10 Iraqi missile sites. Iraq did not previously declare two of them. The team records serial numbers of specific machinery and details of raw materials to assist in the determination of the Iraqi supplier network. In addition, the team assesses the capabilities of certain establishments and facilities in Iraq, including the Nasser State Establishment, the Yawm Al-Azim Facility, and the Technical Corps for Special Projects (TECO) test stand at Za'afaraniyah. The team supervises the destruction of the dies and molds at Taji used or intended for proscribed missile activities.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993.

14 February 1993
Iraq provides a second set of declarations entitled "Updated Monitoring Information: Report No. 2." However, the report adds little to the first declarations it submitted on 27 June 1992. Iraq refuses to hand over the missile firing records which are essential for UNSCOM to verify the Iraqi declaration on Soviet-provided Scud missiles.
--United Nations, "Status of the Implementation of the Plan for the ongoing Monitoring and Verification of Iraq's Compliance with Relevant Parts of Section C of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991)," S/25620, 19 April 1993.

17 February 1993
UNSCOM-50/BM15 visits an undeclared military factory south of Baghdad. The team finds a new missile production site and obtains a great deal of information. It learns that Iraq is still has an active ballistic missile program.
--"U.N. Finds New Information on Iraqi Missiles," Press Association, 17 February 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.N. Inspectors Discover Information on Iraq's Missile Program," Xinhua General Overseas News Service, 17 February 1993 in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Missile Evidence Found at Iraqi Site," The Washington Times, 18 February 1993, p. A9.

21 February 1993
UNSCOM-50/BM15 ends its mission.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993.

22 February 1993
UNSCOM-51/BM16 conducts a short-notice inspection. During its aerial surveillance of one of three sites, Iraq warns that unless the UNSCOM helicopter turns away from the site, it will attack the helicopter. Another helicopter surveying at a different site receives the same warning. After leaving the site, Iraq gives UNSCOM permission to go back to its surveillance. The team inspects three sites suspected of housing intermediate-range ballistic missiles. [NOTE: Since the team has information that Iraq hides proscribed missiles and missile launchers, the team attempts to ensure that nothing is removed from the sites during the course of its inspection. The team also thoroughly inspects three undeclared sites, suspected of concealing proscribed items, but finds no proscribed items or activities.]
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993; Michael R. Gordon, "Iraqi Artillery Is Said To Threaten U.N. Copters Looking for Missiles," The New York Times, 24 February 1993, pp. A1, A4.

23 February 1993
UNSCOM-51/BM16 ends its mission. The team estimates that 330 Iraqi Scud missiles remain unaccounted for.
--United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051,"S/1996/258, 11 April1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715," S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994; Nabila Megalli, "U.N. Inspector Get Important Data in Surprise Visits," Associated Press, 23 February 1993.

24 February 1993
The US Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) believes that Iraq has hidden up to 200 Scuds.
--Michael R. Gordon, "Iraqi Artillery Is Said To Threaten U.N. Copters Looking for Missiles," The New York Times, 24 February 1993, pp. A1, A4.

June 1993
Zivota Panic, Yugoslavia's General Chief of Staff, secretly visits Iraq to acquire information on missile modification.
--Vladimir Jovanovic, Monitor (Podgorica), 15 March 1996, pp.15-16, in "FRY: Military Ties to Russia, Arms Import Viewed," FBIS-EEU-96-061, 15 March 1996.

March 1993
UNSCOM destroys 30 chemical missile warheads that Iraq had declared having in its possession.
--United Nations, "Second Report under Resolution 1051," S/1996/848, 11 October 1996.

March 1993
A German public prosecutor indicts two German companies, Rhein-Bayern and its subsidiary Avionic Dittel, for delivering detonators of Scud missiles to Iraq, based on evidence from the UN's inspection of Iraq's military machinery.
--Bild Am Sonntag (Hamburg), 21 March 1993, pp. 4-5, in "Two Firms Indicated for Illegal Sales to Iraq," FBI-WEU-93-054, 23 March 1993, p. 50.

11 March 1993
UN joint inspection team UNSCOM-53 arrives in Iraq with its members comprised of biological, chemical, missile, and computer specialists. The team, which gives only short-notice before investigating a site, inspects the Muthanna Establishment, the Division of Agriculture and Biology of the Iraqi Atomic Energy Commission, the Salah Al-Din Establishment, the Salam factory at Salman Pak, the Al-Kindi Company, and the Hakam factory.
--Nizar Hamdoon, "Information Bulletin on The Measures Taken By Iraq In Implementation of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) During the Month of March 1993," UN Security Council Document, 6 April 1993.

24 March 1993
Rolf Ekeus says that including the weapons used or destroyed during the Gulf War and those the UN dismantled, inspectors cannot account for approximately 200 of 890 of Iraq's known Scud missile arsenal. Ekeus adds that Iraq retains its engineering and scientific capabilities, blueprints, and foreign supplier network.
--Reuters (Washington), 24 March 1993 in Alan Elsner, "UN Official Warns of Iraqi Nuclear Revival," Executive News Service, 25 March 1993.

27 March 1993
UNSCOM-54/IMT-1b goes to Iraq to continue to monitor activities at the Ibn Al-Haytham missile research center. The team is responsible for investigating and assessing Iraq's capabilities to produce solid propellant missile systems at the Al-Rasheed Factory and the Al Qa-Qa State Establishment. The team visits the Taj Al-Ma'arik factory of the Balat Al-Shuhada' Works, the Al Qa-Qa State Establishment, the Al-Yawm Al-Azim factory, the Rafah site, the Al-Mu'tasim Center at Iskandariyah, the Dhu Al-Fiqar factory, the Ibn Al-Haytham Research and Design Center, and Project 144. The team discusses with the Iraqi counterparts details of Iraq's missile designs, knowledge of solid propellant technology, general capabilities of both complete and component systems in missile production, ability to increase the range of existing systems, the current status of production facilities, and plans for missile research, development, testing, and production.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993; Nizar Hamdoon, "Information Bulletin on the Measures Taken By Iraq In Implementation Of Security Council Resolution 687 (1991) During the Month Of March 1993," UN Security Council Document, 6 April 1993; Leon Barkho, "UN Says Iraq Has Potential To Produce Missiles," Executive News Service, 2 April 1993.

4 April 1993
Iraq conducts the third Ababil-100/J-1 flight test.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

9 April 1993
Iraq conducts the fourth Ababil-100/J-1 flight test.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

14 April 1993
Iraq conducts the fifth Ababil-100/J-1 flight test.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

Mid-April 1993
Iraq is possibly researching anti-ballistic missile (ABM) systems. One such program may be designated FAW-1.
--Duncan Lennox, "The Rise and Rise of the ATBM," Jane's Defence Weekly, 24 April 1993, pp. 20-21.

27 April 1993
Iraq conducts the sixth Ababil-100/J-1 flight test. It completes all tests on Ababil-100/J-1.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

May 1993
Iraq declares that it abandons its J-1 project.
--United Nations, "Report on Status of Disarmament and Monitoring," S/1999/94, 29 January 1999, <http://www.un.org/Depts/unscom/unscmdoc.htm/>.

May 1993
Iraq unilaterally destroys some of the hardware associated with the J-1 missile project.
--"Al Fahd 300/J-1," Federation of American Scientists, <http://www.fas.org/>.

5 or 6 May 1993
Hussein Kamel holds a meeting on missiles with Modher Al-Sadiq, Major Raad from Al-Karama State Establishment, Brigadier General Naim Bakr Ali, Hamid, Mowaffak, and Safaa from Ibn Al-Haytham Center. They assess missile activities underway in Iraq. Kamel wants an accurate system, "design of larger missile" and "Volga engine 3 or 4 with one pump." The issues under discussion include a turbo-pump to feed four Volga/SA-2 missile engine combustion chambers and the design of an engine for a "larger missile." Kamel is upset with the progress on the Ababil-100 program. He demands 30 meter CEP accuracy for Ababil-100 and a study on a 7-ton thrust engine and a turbo-pump to feed four Ababil-100 engines. [NOTE: See Early 1995.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; United Nations, "Final Compendium," S/1999/94, 25 January 1999.

8 May 1993
Modher Al-Sadiq becomes Director General of Ibn Al-Haytham Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

28 May 1993
UNSCOM informs Iraq of its plan to install remote-controlled monitoring cameras at two rocket-test sites, Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah, in order to verify that no prohibited activities take place. Iraq responds that it will not accept any monitoring activities and that UNSCOM should limit itself to inspection activities under SCR 687.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/26684, 5 November 1993.

Early Summer 1993
Wi'am Gharbiyah signs a contract with Al-Karama Center. [NOTE: Al-Karama Center is a key Iraqi aerospace and defense establishment that is in need of a supply of Scud gyroscopes and potentiometers (devices that indicate the gyroscope's position by sensing its electrical signals).]
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

June 1993
Qassem Musleh, Director General of Al-Karama Center, orders Scud potentiometers and titanium, which cost $102,000 and $45,000 respectively, from Wi'am Gharbiyah.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

4 June 1993
UNSCOM-57/IMT-1c attempts to install remote-controlled monitoring cameras at two rocket-test sites, the Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah sites. However, Iraq rejects the activation of cameras.
--United Nations, "Note by the Secretary-General," S/25977, 21 June 1993.

5-28 June 1993
UNSCOM-57/IMT-1c conducts its monitoring activities at 18 sites (16 industrial facilities and two military sites) on Iraq's critical industrial manufacturing capabilities. In particular, the team monitors precision machine tools, which Iraq could use in the production of components for proscribed missiles, especially gyroscope devices and components for liquid fuel rockets engines. The team also continues to monitor Ibn Al-Haytham Missile Research Center and Al-Rasheed Factory.
--United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051,"S/1996/258, 11 April1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715," S/1994/1138, 7 October1994; United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26684, 5 November 1993.

10 June-17 July 1993
A lengthy stand-off takes place between the Iraqi government and UN inspectors over Iraq's refusal to allow inspectors to monitor two missile test sites south of Baghdad. UN monitors withdraw.
--United States Information Agency: U.S. Policy on Iraq, <http://usinfo.state.gov/regional/nea/iraq/>.

18 June 1993
UN Security Council President demands that Iraq allow UNSCOM to install monitoring devices at two test stands, Al-Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

29 June 1993
According to a US Congressional report, Iraq has recovered 80 percent of the military manufacturing capacity that it had before the Gulf War. Some 40 factories in Iraq produce tanks, artillery shells, short-range ballistic missiles, and other weapons.
--"Iraq Has Rebuilt 80 Percent of Arms Manufacturing: Report," Agence France Presse, 30 June 1992, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

July 1993
Al-Karama Center subordinates to Ibn Al-Haytham Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

10-11 July 1993
UNSCOM-60/BM17 conducts its mission. It attempts to seal the relevant equipment and facilities at Al-Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah test stands. However, the Iraqi authorities block this team from carrying out its mission.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994; United Nations, "First report under resolution 1051,"S/1996/258, 11 April 1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715, S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994.

15-19 July 1993
Iraq agrees to install monitoring cameras at two missile stands, Al-Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah. However, Iraq does not agree to activate those cameras. Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Tariq Aziz promises Rolf Ekeus that Iraq will provide UNSCOM with sufficient notice of any test firings to permit it to observe missile firings. He also promises that Iraq will facilitate UNSCOM's inspections of the two test sites at such times and as frequently as the Commission should deem necessary.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

25 July 1993
A small technical team of UNSCOM staff visits Baghdad to install the camera systems at Al-Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

August 1993
UNSCOM inspectors report that Iraq's missile facilities are very similar to Argentina's Condor-II missile complex. According to UN officials, this has provided insight into how Iraq's missile program functioned. Iraq worked closely with Argentina and Egypt on developing missile technology during the 1980s.
--"Iraq Weapon," Financial Times, 31 August 1993.

18-31 August 1993
Iraq pays Wi'am Gharbiyah $1.76 million through an account that Iraq established at the Ittihad Bank in Amman, Jordan.
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

19 August 1993
US warplanes on patrol over the "no-fly" zone in northern Iraq bomb an Iraqi SA-3 SAM battery near the northern Iraqi city of Mozul.
--"U.S. Aircraft Bomb Missile Site in Northern Iraq," Japan Economic Newswire, 19 August 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

24 August-27 September 1993
UNSCOM-62/BM18 observes a missile test that Iraq had declared to UNSCOM. It also performs detailed engineering surveys of test facilities at Al-Yawm Al-Azim, Al-Rahah, and five other test stands capable of missile and rocket engine tests.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994; United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051,"S/1996/258, 11 April 1996; United Nations, "Sixth Report under Resolution 715, S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994.

30 August 1993
Iraq conducts a missile engine test. During the test, the Iraqi missile destroys one of the cameras that UNSCOM had installed. [NOTE: The UN official does not specify the location where the incident takes place.]
--"Missile Test Explosion Destroys U.N. Monitoring Camera," AFP (Paris), 31 August 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

30 August-10 September 1993
High-level disarmament talks take place between UNSCOM and an Iraqi delegation led by the Iraqi General Amer Rashid. During the talks, the officials develop detailed plans for ongoing monitoring, evaluating the destruction of Iraqi WMD, and discussing the provision of an arms suppliers' list. However, according to the envoy, "there were no dramatic disclosures of weapons procurement or a list of foreign suppliers."
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

31 August 1993
Former Argentinean Defense Minister Horacio Jaunarena denies any involvement of former President Raul Alfonsin's administration with Iraq in the Condor-II missile project. [NOTE: UN officials allegedly discovered that Iraq had two missile engines with the same serial numbers as those manufactured at the Falda del Carmen plant in Argentine. Jaunarena says that Iraq had at least one missile plant that was identical to the one in Falda del Carmen.]
--"Iraqi Missiles: Former Defence Minister and German Military Deny Involvement," BBC (London), 2 September 1993, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

September 1993
A Ukrainian trader Yuriy Orshansky and Dr. Yakov Ayzenberg from a Ukrainian firm, Khartron arrive in Baghdad for the first time. They explore opportunities in oil production. They meet with Dr. Saadi Abbas, head of Missile Research and Design Center's Military Precision Development Department. Hussein Kamel is aware of Ayzenberg's expertise. Kamel shifts the Ukrainian contract focus from oil to the missile program. Kamel orders Naim and Saadi to go to Ukraine to explore cooperation on missiles. [NOTE: Naim does not meet with Orshansky during this trip.]
--UN Reports and Interviews with UN personnel.

1 September 1993
Wi'am Gharbiyah, arrives in Moscow in search of guidance components for Iraq's Scud missiles.
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998),<http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

September 1993
Some Arab and Kurdish opposition sources in London state that Iraq has sold large amounts of arms and ammunition to Iran, including missiles and chemical weapons, in exchange for foreign currency. The Iraqi sources believe that nearly a quarter of Iraq's stored weapons are hidden near the Iranian border out of sight from UN weapons inspectors before being moved to Iran. Iraq also sent some of the weapons through Iran to Sudan.
--(Clandestine) Voice of Iraqi People, 9 September 1993, in "Chemical Weapons, Missiles Allegedly Sold to Iran," JPRS-TND-93-030, 27 September 1993.

10-24 September 1993
An Iraqi delegation joins Wi'am Gharbiyah seeking potential Russian contractors who may provide assistance to the missile system. He assists the delegation with setting up a number of meetings with Russians. The topics of the meetings include acquisition and production of Scud potentionmeters, Igla, and Volga spares. Gharbiyah acquires MM-40 (SS-N-8) gyros, accelerometers, other components, along with Scud gyro motors and potentiometers. [NOTE: The result of these encounters remains unclear.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; "Bombs over Baghdad; Keeping Tabs on Iraq's Arsenal Will Be Even Harder Now in the Persian Gulf, Aboard the USS Enterprise," U.S. News & World Report, Vol. 125, No.25, 28 December 1998, p.32.

Late September 1993
Wi'am Gharbiyah visits the Sergeyev Posad missile dismantlement facility, the Research and Testing Institute of Chemical and Construction Equipment, or NIIKhSM where he obtains offers for high-precision gyroscopes and accelerometers. He purchases 10-12 sample inertial-guidance instruments. In addition, through a Russian defense industry contact, he acquires samples of Scud gyroscope motors and 30 potentiometers and tachometers. He ships the samples to Jordan. [NOTE: See 1995.]
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

23 September 1993
Iraq agrees to activate remote monitoring cameras at the Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rafah missile test sites.
--"Largest U.N. Inspection in Iraq Could Lead to End of Trade Embargo," The Los Angeles Times, 28 September 1993, p.4, in ProQuest, <http://www.proquest.umi.com/>.

25 September 1993
An UNSCOM team activates monitoring cameras at Al-Yawm Al-Azim and Al-Rahah.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

28 September 1993
UNSCOM-63/BM19 initiates its inspection activities including ground inspections of a host of sites in and around Baghdad. The team's mission is to get answers to questions related to Iraq's suppliers' network and weapons programs that were posed at arms talks in New York in early September 1993.
--United Nations, "First Report under Resolution 1051," S/1996/258, 11 April 1996; United Nations, "Sixth report under resolution 715," S/1994/1138, 7 October 1994; Leon Barkho, Reuters, 27 September 1993; in "UN Experts Gear Up For Major Iraq Inspection," Executive News Service, 27 September 1993.

Late September 1993
Rolf Ekeus says that Iraq must reveal the suppliers to its missile and chemical weapons programs, but Iraq has not yet done so. Ekeus states, "The weapons themselves came largely from the Eastern bloc, such as the Soviet Union. But the production equipment is of a higher quality, and it seems likely some of it comes from Western suppliers."
--Annika Savill, "UN to Keep Eye on Saddam," Independent, 29 September 1993.

30 September-30 October 1993
UNSCOM-63/BM19 uses advanced technology, such as helicopters equipped with ground-penetrating radar. The team inspects 30 sites in central, northern, and western Iraq for signs of any prohibited weapons systems. The team also verifies Iraqi declarations concerning its previous weapons programs.
--"'Most Complex' Weapons Inspection Uncovers No Violations," UN Chronicle, March 1994, p.70.

October 1993
Hamid Al-Azzawi goes to Ibn Al-Haytham Center from Darwah Industrial Engine Factory.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

8 October 1993
Iraq gives UN officials information revealing arms suppliers who contributed to Iraqi weapons programs.
--Leon Barkho, Reuters, 8 October 1993 in Executive News Service, "Iraq Divulges Arms Suppliers, UN Seeks More," 8 October 1993; Reuters in Leon Barkho, "UN Choppers, Sensors, Scour Iraq for Arms," Executive News Service, 25 October 1993.

9 October 1993
UNSCOM-63/BM19 is relocated to western Iraq to test the veracity of some critical information on the operational use of Al-Hussein missiles during the Gulf War.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

19 October 1993
The German authorities accuse three German businessmen, Dietrich Hinze and Peter Huetten, the owners of H+H Metalform (a machine parts manufacturer), along with a former employee, of illegally delivering Scud missile parts to Iraq from 1988 to 1990. The company allegedly received 46 million Deutsche marks (28 million dollars) in the alleged sales. [NOTE: The last delivery was in January 1991, but H+H Metalform allegedly attempted to illegally export 2,300 Scud parts to Baghdad while the Gulf War was in progress. The company is based in Drensteinfurt, near Muenster, and "half" Iraqi-owned.]
--"Three Businessmen Accused of Delivering Scud Parts to Iraq," AFP (Paris), 19 October 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

28 October 1993
UNSCOM-63/BM19 completes inspections in northwest Iraq. This team finds no undeclared prohibited items or activities.
--United Nations, "UNSCOM Report to the Secretary-General," S26910, 21 December 1994.

November 1993
Ibn Al-Haytham personnel meet Wi'am Gharbiyah at Karama.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

November 1993
Hamid Al-Azzawi moves from Darwah Industrial Engine Factory (Sadiq liquid propellant engine Factory) to Ibn Al-Haytham.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

9 November 1993
According to an official Iraqi news media report, Iraqi troops fire ground-to-ground missiles from near Karbala. The report quotes the Iraqi military as saying that the missiles "hit their targets with high precision." Iraqi Defense Minister Ali Hasan Al-Majid attends the maneuvers and provides briefs on "the special equipment" used in the exercise, dubbed "The Deadly Blow." Iraqi television shows 14 seven-meter-long missiles aboard mobile launchers. The range of the missiles is unknown.
--"Iraq Fires Ground-to-Ground Missiles in Military Exercises," Agence France Presse, 9 November 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

13-22 November 1993
An Iraqi delegation led by Brigadier General Naim Bakr Ali visits Ukraine for the first time to make a deal with a Ukrainian trader Yuriy Orshansky and Dr. Yakov Ayzenberg from a Ukrainian firm, Khartron. Naim is the head of the Iraqi Scud missile-guidance program. The Iraqi delegation consists of Saadi Abbas and Saad Shakir from Iraq's Missile Research and Development Center, Brigadier General Safaa from Ibn Al-Haytham Center, and Major Raad from Al-Karama State Establishment. They visit Khartron electronics plant and Physical Institute. Naim "privately" visits a tool cutting factory. Saadi is interested in Volga spare parts and Ukrainian SAMs. Regarding guidance and control (G&C), Iraqis say that the cooperation is to be implemented only after the UN embargo is lifted. Orshansky, Ayzenberg, Naim, and Saadi sign a protocol, which includes: an SSM G&C system, a joint venture project for S-300 or S-300 type, remotely piloted vehicle (RPV) control system, modernizing existing SAMs (S-75, S-125), a study on 100km AGM, a study on the identification of radio frequency signals and identification of continuous and discreet radio signals along with the creation of a joint venture company, technology transfer regarding radio frequency and super high radio frequency, and an "experimental determination of aero characteristics of missiles, warheads, and airplanes." Khartron guarantees the consultation on G&C systems, missile R&D infrastructure, cooperation in G&C for final trajectory, cruise missiles, liquid propellant engines (LPE), carbon fiber, welding equipment, and alloys; S-75/S-125 ZIPs, and a college for training missile specialists. Iraq makes requests for: LPE test stand (<4t thrust), free gyro and accelerometer, honing machine, multipurpose MT, boring-grinding, boring-drilling, universal thread-grinding, super high precision lathe, three axis universal calibrating tool, clean room, rotary table and gyro test stand, shock/vibration test bench, collimator, and ball bearing tester.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

21 November 1993
Iraq and the UN hold high-level arms talks. Tariq Aziz, Security Council President Jose Luis Jesus of Cape Verde, UN Secretary General Kofi Annan, and Rolf Ekeus attend the talks. A possible point of contention between the UN and Iraq is talks with the director of Baghdad's military-industrial authority General Amir Mohammed Rashid concerning missing information about Iraq's ballistic missiles, chemical, biological and nuclear weapons programs.
--Reuters in Evelyn Leopold, "Iraq's Aziz Joins Crucial Phase of UN Arms Talks," Executive News Service, 21 November 1993.

25 November 1993
Iraqi Lieutenant General Hussein Kamel issues an administrative order directing Qaysem Musleh to establish "working groups" on a Scud gyroscope at Karama. [NOTE: Iraqi officials tell UNSCOM that an Iraqi engineer kept one set of three gyroscopic instruments in his home and decided to turn these instruments over to the new working groups. Meanwhile, a "technician" allegedly has turned in microfilmed drawings of proscribed gyroscopic instruments that a foreign supplier made prior to the Gulf War. Iraqi authorities reportedly confiscated drawings the working groups produced along with the gyroscopes in 1993, but they decided not to hand them over to UNSCOM.]
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel; United Nations, "Final Compendium," S/1999/94, 25 January 1999.

26 November 1993
Iraq accepts SCR 715 and the plans for ongoing monitoring and verification. UNSCOM informs Iraq that it should submit to UNSCOM "full initial declarations." UNSCOM claims that declarations Iraq submitted in the past regarding its dual-use capability were inadequate in light of the requirements of SCR 715.
--UNSCOM Chronology of Main Events, <http://www.un.org/>.

December 1993
Iraq places Al-Karama Center under Ibn Al-Haytham Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

December 1993
The shipment of missile item samples including MM-40 and Scud that Wi'am Gharbiyah sent from Russia arrives in Baghdad.
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>; UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

2 December 1993
Qaysem Musleh quits Al-Karama Center for the Military Industrial Commission headquarters. Modher Al-Sadiq appoints Razooki Mowaffak as new the new director general of Al-Karama Center.
--UN reports and interviews with UN personnel.

3 December 1993
Subramaniam Venkataramanan, an Indian-origin businessman in Germany is sentenced to three-and-a-half years in jail for exporting illegal arms to Iraq. Venkataramanan admits that his firm, Rhein-Bayaern-Fahrzeugbau hid Scud missile components in a Bavarian warehouse and that it delivered detonators for missiles to Iraq.
--"Director of German Arms Exports to Iraq Jailed," AFP (Paris), 3 December 1993, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com./>.

Mid-December 1993
Wi'am Gharbiyah visits Moscow to develop contacts in the Russian electronics industry and the military-industrial complex.
--Vladimir Orlov and William C. Potter, "The Mystery of the Sunken Gyros," Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, Vol. 54 (November/December 1998), <http://www.bullatomsci.org/>.

28 December 1993
Saudi Arabian and German experts intercept over 100 barrels of ammonium perchlorate, which is used in solid missile fuels from a German-registered ship docked in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Material is thought to be bound for Iraq from the Chinese port of Huang Fu. The Chinese government denies any knowledge of the shipment.
--Herbert Fromme, "Weapons Fuel Find Confirmed," Lloyd's List, 27 January 1994, p.1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>; Reuters, 24 January 1994 in "German Ship Caught with Rocket Fuel Ingredient for Iraq," Executive News Service, 24 January 1994.

Late 1993
Iraq signs a protocol with a representative of the Ukrainian firm Khartron that outlines future cooperation for sales of components for SSMs, equipment for missile research, and the establishment of a college to train missile experts.
--Charles Recknagel, "Iraq: U.S. Researchers Detail Iraqi-East European Arms Smuggling Efforts," Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty, <http://www.rferl.org/>.

Late 1993
The Iraqi Military Industrialization Organization and the Air Defense Command complete the first prototype of an integrated air and missile defense system, called the "Mother of Battles Anti-Aircraft Missile Project." They test the system at Habaniyya air base west of Baghdad.
--"Strategic Projects of the Iraqi Military Industrialisation Organisation," Iraqi National Congress, 9 September 1997, <http://www.inc.org.uk/>.

	Updated August 2005