This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

1 January 1994
President Kim Il Sung announces that North Korea and the United States have agreed on a "joint statement" which paves the way for the nuclear dispute to be "settled fairly." However, Kim says that any attempts to pressure North Korea into more concessions "may invite catastrophe." In his statements, Kim doesn't mention any details about the agreement, but in an announcement later in the day, the North Korean Foreign Ministry claims that IAEA inspectors will only be allowed to visit North Korea's seven declared nuclear facilities for a one-time inspection.
—David E. Sanger, "Hint of Progress, And Warning, from North Korea," New York Times, 2 January 1994, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 January 1994
US officials announce that North Korea has agreed to permit IAEA inspections of its seven declared nuclear facilities once Pyongyang comes to an agreement with the Agency on "the exact procedures." According to reports, steps involve the resumption of a North Korean dialogue with South Korea in exchange for cancellation of the 1994 Team Spirit military exercise. North Korean United Nations Ambassador Hŏ Jong confirms the agreement and says that IAEA inspections will be permitted in order to "keep continuity" of international safeguards. Ho says that the United States and North Korea have made "some very substantial progress" during negotiations in December 1993 in New York.
—Jeffrey Smith, "North Korean Agrees to Nuclear Inspection; Tentative Pact Covers Only Declared Facilities, Not Other Suspicious Sites, U.S. Officials Say," Washington Post, 4 January 1993, p. A11; John J. Fialka, "North Korea, US Reach Agreement Opening Nuclear Sites to Inspection," Wall Street Journal, 6 January 1994, p. A8; Steven Greenhouse, "U.S. Says Deal with North Korea on Atomic Site Inspection Is Near," New York Times, 4 January 1994, p. A3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 January 1994
US officials say that they are likely to make the important concession of accepting North Korea's proposal of a complete one-time inspection of its seven declared nuclear facilities, in the hope that additional inspections can be agreed upon in the future. According to the officials, the United States is also considering cancellation of the annual Team Spirit military exercise.
—Jeffrey Smith, "North Korea Agrees to Nuclear Inspection; Tentative Pact Covers Only Declared Facilities, Not Other Suspicious Sites, U.S. Officials Say," Washington Post, 4 January 1993, p. A11; John J. Fialka, "North Korea, US Reach Agreement Opening Nuclear Sites to Inspection," Wall Street Journal, 6 January 1994, p. A8; Steven Greenhouse, "U.S. Now Seeks Just One Survey of North Korea," New York Times, 5 January 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 January 1994
IAEA Spokesman David Kyd says that one-time inspections of North Korea's nuclear facilities are unacceptable. According to Kyd, "periodic inspections would be necessary" to ensure North Korea's compliance with the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT).
—"IAEA Says Regular Inspections Are Necessary in N. Korea," Agence France Presse, 5 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 January 1994
US State Department Undersecretary Lynn Davis says that the "agreement in principle" reached between North Korea and the United States to allow IAEA inspections is one of the "interim steps" before the United States will agree to a third round of talks with North Korea. Davis denies reports that the United States is prepared to accept one-time inspections of declared nuclear facilities in North Korea. Speaking at a luncheon for newspaper reporters, President Clinton also denies the reports, saying that even if the United States was prepared to make such a concession it would have to be cleared with the IAEA.
—Steven Greenhouse, "North Korea to Open Access to Nuclear Sites, U.S. Says," New York Times, 6 January 1994, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Agrees Access to 7 Nuclear Sites, U.S. Says," Japan Economic Newswire, 6 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 January 1994
North Korean officials meet with IAEA officials in Vienna, but they make no new offer. After the meeting, IAEA Spokesman David Kyd says that the North Korean officials only came to listen to the agency's position and report back to Pyongyang. According to Kyd, the IAEA informed North Korea that talks on inspection procedures need to be resumed.
—Robert Burns, "Koreans Listen, But Make No Proposals, at Vienna Meeting," Associated Press, 5 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 January 1994
Officials from the South Korean Foreign Ministry and National Unification Board announce that South Korea and North Korea will exchange special envoys to discuss nuclear issues on the Korean Peninsula. The officials say that the two sides have yet to agree upon a date but stress that the exchange should take place before the United States reopens high-level talks with Pyongyang.
—"Koreas to Exchange Special Envoys on Nuclear Issue," Associated Press, 7 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 January 1994
North Korea and the IAEA hold "working-level" discussions on the procedures for nuclear inspections.
—"North Korea, Nuclear Agency Resume Talks on Inspections," Associated Press, 7 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

8 January 1994
US Senators Sam Nunn and Richard Lugar say that Washington will not accept a one-time inspection of North Korea's declared nuclear facilities. Instead, the Senators claim, Washington will demand continued IAEA access to all declared facilities and two suspected nuclear waste sites. Speaking at the US embassy in Tokyo, the two Senators also claim that the United States, Japan, and other countries must begin preparing for the option of imposing economic sanctions against North Korea.
—Reuters (Tokyo), "Regular Inspections Demanded," Los Angeles Times, 9 January 1994, p. A14, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Nunn Urges Preparation for Sanctions Against N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 8 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 January 1994
The IAEA and North Korea hold a second round of "working-level" discussions on the scope and content of inspections. The IAEA submits a "check list" for inspections of North Korea's nuclear facilities. Items on the "check list" include examining the fuel rods at the 5MW gas-graphite reactor, taking samples, and checking seals and surveillance equipment.
—Yonhap News Agency (Seoul), 11 January 1994, in "North Korea, IAEA Fail to Make Progress; IAEA Presents Inspection List," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Cha Man Sun, KBS-1 Radio Network (Seoul), 10 January 1994, in "North Korea, IAEA Fail to Make Progress; IAEA Presents Inspection Check List," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 12 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea, IAEA Said Still at Odds Over Inspections," Japan Economic Newswire, 10 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 January 1994
The IAEA sends a report to Pyongyang outlining its demands for unrestricted access to all seven declared nuclear sites.
—"IAEA Bids for Full Inspections of N. Korean Facilities," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 January 1994
US State Department Spokeswoman Christine Shelly announces that the United States will not consider a third round of high-level talks with North Korea until it resolves the issue of nuclear inspections with the IAEA. Shelly says, "If the North Korean agreement in principle to allow these inspections that they had related to us before does not result in specific arrangements with the IAEA, then there will be no third round of formal US-North Korea talks and we will have to look to alternate means to resolve this dispute." Shelly continues, "The possibility of tougher measures, of sanctions, of going to the Security Council, is still very much out there."
—"United States Calls on North Korea to Allow Inspections," United Press International, 21 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 January 1994
The IAEA announces that North Korea has rejected its proposed inspection procedures. IAEA Spokesman David Kyd says that the proposed procedures are necessary for IAEA inspectors to verify that North Korea is not developing nuclear weapons. North Korea urges the IAEA to accept its proposal of onetime inspections, but Kyd reiterates IAEA Director General Hans Blix's statement that these inspection procedures are not negotiable and the IAEA will not send an inspection team "unless there is a full agreement."
—David A. Sanger, "North Korea Reportedly to Balk at Inspection Terms," New York Times, 21 January 1994, p. A5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Urges IAEA to Accept Its Inspection Proposals," Japan Economic Newswire, 21 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 January 1994
North Korea's Foreign Ministry claims that the issue of "routine an ad-hoc inspections" of its nuclear facilities should only be addressed in a third round of high-level bilateral talks with the United States.
—"North Korea Justifies Its Snub of Nuclear Checks," Agence France Presse, 22 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 January 1994
North Korea warns the United States that continued pressure on Pyongyang to accept routine IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities could lead to "catastrophe." The warning, printed in the Rodong Sinmun, the official daily of the Korean Workers' Party, also states that North Korea's March 1993 decision to withdraw from the NPT was not revoked but merely "suspended temporarily."
—"North Korea Justifies Its Snub of Nuclear Checks," Agence France Presse, 22 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Crisis Warning; Japan Has 'All Parts for Bomb,'" South China Morning Post, 31 January 1994, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 January 1994
Thomas Hubbard, chief US negotiator for talks with North Korea, visits Seoul and reiterates the US position that it will improve relations with North Korea only if Pyongyang agrees to nuclear inspections meeting all IAEA requirements.
—Ivan Zakharchenko, "US, South Korea Continue Consultations on Nuclear Problem," ITAR-TASS, 24 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 January 1994
A US official says that Washington will most likely seek sanctions against North Korea if talks with the IAEA fail to make progress soon. According to the official, if at the 22 February meeting of the IAEA Board of Governors Hans Blix reports that the IAEA cannot determine whether or not North Korea's nuclear program is solely for peaceful purposes, the United States will likely move for economic sanctions.
—Rita Beamish, "U.S.: Time Is Running Out for North Korea on Nuclear Inspection," Associated Press, 25 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Jacques Charmelot, "N. Korea Has Less Than a Month to Resume Nuclear Checks: US," Agence France Presse, 25 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 January 1994
CIA director James Woolsey tells the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence that North Korea would probably resort to its MiG-23 aircraft as a nuclear weapon delivery system, rather than the Nodong-1 missile.
—Kyodo News Service, "CIA Chief Says N. Korea Would Use MiGs for Nuke Attack," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 January 1994
The IAEA sends a report to Pyongyang explaining its demand for unrestricted access to all seven declared nuclear facilities. According to IAEA Spokesman David Kyd, North Korea still refuses "a significant number" of the agency's inspection requirements.
—"IAEA Bids for Full Inspections of N. Korean Facilities," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 January 1994
US officials announce that preparations are under way to deploy Patriot Missiles in South Korea at the request of General Gary Luck, the senior commander of US forces in South Korea.
—"North Korea Assails US Plan to Put Patriot Missiles in South," Agence France Press, 28 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Pan on 'Patriot' in S. Korea made in," Xinhua News Agency, 29 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 January 1994
North Korea condemns the US plan to deploy Patriot Missiles in South Korea as an "unpardonable, grave military challenge." The Korean Central News Agency says the deployment of the missiles "increases the danger of war on the peninsula" and "impedes the progress" of talks aimed at resolving the issue of nuclear inspections. The report also says that the real purpose of the missile deployment is to pressure North Korea into accepting nuclear inspections.
—Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 28 January 1994, in "Patriot Missile Deployment in ROK 'Unpardonable'," FBIS-EAS-94-019, 28 January 1994, p. 11; "North Korea Assails US Plan to Put Patriot Missiles in South," Agence France Press, 28 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Pan on 'Patriot' in S. Korea Made in," Xinhua News Agency, 29 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 January 1994
Colonel General Mikhail Kolesnikov, chief of the Russian General Staff, denies allegations made by the Japanese weekly Shukan Bunshun regarding an alleged top secret Russian report. The Shukan Bunshun report claims that Russian nuclear and missile scientists have assisted North Korea in the development of nuclear bombs and ballistic missiles. But Kolesnikov says that the report's alleged issuing authority, the Center for Military Strategic Analysis at the Russian General Staff, does not exist, although the General Staff does have a "center for military strategic studies." Kolesnikov lists further discrepancies within the report, including the form used, the index number cited, the incorrect placement and terminology of the security classification, and, finally, the use of a serial number originating with the USSR Council of Ministers (a numbering system not used since 1991) rather than one used by the Ministry of Defense.
—Radio Moscow, 29 January 1994, in "Participation in DPRK Nuclear Program Denied," FBIS-SOV-94-020, 31 January 1994, p. 15; Pavel Felgengauer, "North Korea Has No Nuclear Bomb. The Publication in Shukan Bunshun Is Based on a Hoax. There will be No Official Investigation in the General Staff," Segodnya (Moscow), 29 January 1994, p. 1, in FBIS-SOV-94-020, 31 January 1994, pp. 15-16; Viktor Litovkin, "Russian Chief of General Staff Describes Piece in Japanese Weekly as 'Nonsense'," Izvestiya (Moscow), 29 January 1994, p. 3, in "Army Chief on Missile Document," FBIS-SOV-94-020, 31 January 1994, pp. 16-17; "General Staff Secret Report a Brazen Fake," Official Kremlin International News Broadcast, 28 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Alexander Golts, "'General Staff's Secret report' Is Crude Forge," Krasnaya Zvezda, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, Russian Press Digest, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 January 1994
The North Korean Foreign Ministry warns of "catastrophic consequences" if the United States continues to demand that North Korea accept all IAEA conditions on nuclear inspections before it will consider a third round of high-level talks. "If the United States has no intention to hold any further round of talks, North Korea, too, will have no intention to do so," a Foreign Ministry spokesman says, warning that North Korea might once again withdraw from the NPT. He also warns that Pyongyang might reverse its "declared intention to renounce the graphite-moderated reactor system."
—"North Korea Blasts United States for Reversing Nuclear Agreement," United Press International, 31 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "DPRK Issues Statement on Nuclear Issue," Xinhua News Agency, 1 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 January 1994
North Korea warns that it is prepared to renege on all promises regarding nuclear inspections if the United States goes ahead with plans to deploy Patriot Missiles in South Korea.
—"North Korea Warns US Over 'Patriots,'" Press Association, 31 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Warns It May Scrap Promise on Nuclear Inspections," Associated Press, 31 January 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 February 1994
North Korean President Kim Il Sung delivers a message to US President Bill Clinton expressing a desire to improve relations with the United States and vowing that North Korea will never develop nuclear weapons. The message is delivered by US evangelist Billy Graham after a six-day trip to North Korea.
—"Kim Il Sung Says Pyongyang Will Not Develop Nukes," Japan Economic Newswire, 7 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 February 1994
Accusing North Korea of intimidating the United States with its nuclear program, the US Senate calls on the Clinton administration to take a more aggressive stance towards Pyongyang. In two non-binding "sense of Congress" statements amended to the State Department authorization bill, the Senate calls on President Clinton to seek international support for economic sanctions and prepare to reintroduce tactical nuclear weapons to South Korea if North Korea continues to resist IAEA inspections. The Senate also urges President Clinton to move forward with plans to hold the Team Spirit joint military exercises with South Korea.
—Jim Abrams, "Senate Urges Tough Stance toward North Korea," Associated Press, 1 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 February 1994
Addressing the annual meeting of South Korean diplomats, Foreign Minister Han Sŏng Ju says that the dispute over North Korea's nuclear program should be resolved through dialogue in order to prevent its development into a "worst case" scenario.
—"Seoul Urges Talks to Solve North's Nuclear Issue," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 February 1994
In a commentary appearing in the Rodong Sinmun, the official daily of the Korean Workers' Party, North Korea states that while it wants the dispute over its nuclear program resolved in "a peaceful way," it will not accept any pressure tactics from Washington. If the United States tries to pressure North Korea in allowing IAEA inspections, according to the commentary, Pyongyang's "reaction will be a hundred times stronger and carried into practical action." The statement also says that North Korea has "an expedient to counter any other option of the United States. It is not the United States alone that has the expedient, and the option is not open only for a big power."
—"We Do Not Utter Empty Words," Nodong Sinmun, 3 February 1994, in "'Nodong Sinmun': US 'Ganster-Like Logic' Leads North to 'Reconsider Promises,'" BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 5 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Warns Against U.S. Pressure for Nuclear Inspections," United Press International, 3 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Terry McCarthy, "North Korea Rattles The Nuclear Saber," The Independent (London), 5 February 1994, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 February 1994
French Foreign Ministry Spokeswoman Catherine Colonna states that due to the lack of progress in talks between Washington and Pyongyang, it is time for the UN Security Council to consider imposing economic sanctions on North Korea. On 11 February, the North Korean Foreign Ministry condemns the French statement, accusing France of encouraging military conflict in Northeast Asia "so that it may fish in troubled waters through the massive sales of weapons of destruction."
—Andrei Shtorkh, "France for UN Sanctions against North Korea," ITAR-TASS, 3 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "France Says Sanctions against North Korea Should Be Considered," Agence France Presse, 3 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Calls on United States to Act with Discretion," United Press International, 12 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 February 1994
North Korea officially informs the IAEA that it completely rejects the prospect of nuclear safeguards inspections.
—KBS-1 Radio (Seoul), 3 February 1994, in "DPRK Informs IAEA of 'Total Rejection' of Inspections," JPRS-TND-94-005, 25 February 1994, p. 51;

4 February 1994
North Korea's ambassador to the IAEA, Yun Ho Jin, says that "North Korea cannot accept routine and ad hoc inspections."
—"Talks between IAEA and North Korea Almost 'Moribund'," Agence France Presse, 5 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Puk 'Haeksach'al Chŏlch'ung Ŏryŏpta'/Pin Chujae Ch'amsa'gwan," Donga Ilbo, 5 February 1994, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Puk 'IAEA Wa Hab'ŭi Nanmang'/Pin Chujaech'amsa'gwan 'Yogusujun Pudam'," Hankook Ilbo, 5 February 1994, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

4 February 1994
The United States, supported by Britain, France and Russia, appeals to China to put added pressure on North Korea to allow IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. Speaking at a UN Security Council meeting, the US Ambassador to the UN Madeline Albright also informs the Chinese representative that the United States, Britain, France and Russia will begin pressing for economic sanctions if North Korea does not open its nuclear facilities to international inspections by 21 February.
—Paul Lewis, "U.S. Urges China to Pressure North Koreans to Open Nuclear Sites," New York Times, 5 February 1994, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 February 1994
South Korean Foreign Minister Han Sŏng Ju meets with senior US officials in Washington to discuss North Korea's refusal to allow IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. After meetings with US Vice President Al Gore and National Security Advisor Anthony Lake, Han announces that the United States and South Korea have "decided to exert all available efforts to settle the nuclear question through dialogue until the regular Board of Governors' meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)." Speaking on the possibility of calling for economic sanctions in the UN Security Council, Han says that China may not oppose sanctions but is still reluctant to support such measures, believing that the international community must first give negotiations a chance.
—"S Korean FM Set for Talks on North Korean Nuclear Impasse," Agence France Presse, 11 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; George Gedda, "U.S., Japanese Leaders Weigh Sanctions against North Korea," Associated Press, 12 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; South Korean News Agency [sic], 11 February 1994, in "South Korean Foreign Minister in USA; UN Security Council to Meet in Vienna," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 February 1994
Japanese Prime Minister Morihiro Hosokawa, meeting with President Clinton in Washington, says that Japan is ready to support economic sanctions against North Korea if Pyongyang continues to refuse international inspections of its nuclear facilities.
—Susumu Sono, "North Korea Ready to Punish US More Seriously Than in Korean War," Agence France Presse, 12 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sue Kendall, "US Consults with Allies Ahead of Crucial Nuclear Meeting," Agence France Presse, 13 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 February 1994
The Rodong Sinmun, official daily of the Korean Workers' Party, carries an article that warns "any US consideration of economic sanctions would be equivalent to a declaration of war."
—Korean Central Broadcasting Agency (Pyongyang), 12 February 1994, in "'Nodong Sinmun': 'Any Kind of Sanctions' to Be Viewed as 'Proclamation of War,'" BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 14 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Susumu Sono, "North Korea Ready to Punish US More Seriously Than in Korean War," Agence France Presse, 12 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Calls on US to Act with Discretion," United Press International, 12 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 February 1994
Vladimir Kumachev, of Russia's Institute of National Security and Strategic Research, says that North Korea has nuclear warheads. According to Kumachev, the Soviet Union learned in 1985 that North Korea was enriching "more uranium than was necessary for non-military purposes, and that secret underground bases had been set up in the mountains." Kumachev also says that Russia "still retains around 15 experts in North Korea to keep us up to date with and to monitor its nuclear program." He also claims that North Korea has "carried out tests in certain African countries under totalitarian regimes."
—"North Korea Has Nukes: Russian Defence Official," Agence France Presse, 14 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "'Pukhan Imi Haekshilhŏm'/Russia Anboyŏn'gomun/'Haengmugi Poyu Haekshil'," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 15 February 1994, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "'Pukhan Haekt'andu Itta'/Rŏ Kukpangjŏllyakyŏ'guso Kowigwalli Palghyŏ," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 15 February 1994, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Rŏ 'Puk Kaekt'andu Poyu'/Kukpang'yŏn Pojwagwan/Africa'sŏ Imi Shilhŏm Wallyo," Segye Ilbo, 15 February 1994, p. 4, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Heangmugi-Unbansudan Puk Imi Poyujujang/Rŏ Chŏnmun'ga," Taehan Maeil, 15 February 1994, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

15 February 1994
Following two rounds of talks with the IAEA, North Korea agrees to allow inspections of seven declared nuclear facilities but not two suspected nuclear waste sites. According to IAEA Spokesman David Kyd, the goal of the inspections is "verify that nuclear material in these facilities has not been diverted since earlier inspections." As to the date of the inspections, Kyd says the inspectors will travel to North Korea as soon as the IAEA has made the necessary arrangements.
—"North Korea to Allow Nuclear Inspection," United Press International, 15 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Farhan Haq, "North Korea: Pyongyang And IAEA Agree on Weapons Monitoring," Inter Press Service, 15 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Agrees to International Inspection if Nuclear Sites," Associated Press, 15 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; David A. Sanger, "North Koreans Agree to Survey of Atomic Sites," New York Times, 16 February 1994, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Agrees to Open Nuclear Facilities to Inspection," Japan Economic Newswire, 16 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>

18 February 1994
US and South Korean officials reaffirm their position that the resumption of inter-Korean dialogue on the nuclear situation on the peninsula is a prerequisite for the next round of high-level talks between the United States and North Korea.
—South Korean News Agency [sic], 18 February 1994, in "USA, South Korea Reportedly Confirm Conditions for US Talks with North," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 February 1994
North Korea informs the IAEA that it will issue visas to inspectors once it talks with the United States. The IAEA condemns the North Korean demand as an attempt to "buy time."
—"N. Korea May Grant IAEA Visas after Talks with U.S.," Japan Economic Newswire, 21 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 February 1994
The North Korean Foreign Ministry announces that the scope of the upcoming IAEA inspections is only to guarantee the continuity of its safeguards agreement. In a statement carried by the Korean Central News Agency, the Foreign Ministry says that the inspections will be neither routine nor special inspections. The spokesman goes on to say that the "persistent" demand by the United States, Japan and South Korea for special inspections is "tantamount to an attempt to drive (North Korea) out of the (NPT)," and if such demands continue North Korea might rethink its decision to allow IAEA inspections.
—Korean Central Broadcasting Agency (Pyongyang), 21 February 1994, in "Ministry Spokesman on Accord with IAEA; Watching US Attitude," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Defines Scope of IAEA Inspections," Japan Economic Newswire, 21 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Threatens to Back Away from Inspection Accord," Agence France Presse, 21 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 February 1994
US and North Korean officials hold a working-level meeting to discuss the issuance of visas to IAEA inspectors. North Korea has said that it will issue visas once a third round of high-level talks with the United States is scheduled, but the United States continues to insist that the resumption of high-level talks with North Korea is contingent on Pyongyang first accepting IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities.
—"IAEA Visa Issue Appears Settled in U.S.-N. Korea Meeting," Japan Economic Newswire, 23 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 February 1994
At the IAEA Board of Governors' meeting in Vienna, North Korean officials announce that Pyongyang will allow IAEA inspections by 1 March if the United States officially suspends the annual Team Spirit military exercise and sets a date for the third round of high-level US-North Korean talks.
—"North Korea Sets Condition for Inspections of Nuclear Sites," United Press International, 24 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "IAEA Urges N. Korea to Set Inspection by Month's End," Japan Economic Newswire, 24 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Charles A. Radin, "North Korea Stalls on Inspections; Makes New Demands as Deadline Passes; Material from Wire Service Was Used in This Report," Boston Globe, 24 February 1994, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 February 1994
In the summary statement of the Board of Governors' meeting, the IAEA urges North Korea to set a date for IAEA inspections before March.
—"IAEA Urges N. Korea to Set Inspection by Month's End," Japan Economic Newswire, 24 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 February 1994
State Department officials announce that the United States has broken off working-level talks with North Korea. According to the officials, the United States stopped the talks, which have been conducted in New York for the past week, because North Korea announced on 23 February that the United States must meet certain conditions before it would allow IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. US negotiator Thomas Hubbard says that he expects more talks in the near future.
—"U.S. Breaks off Talks with N. Korea on Nuke Inspection," Japan Economic Newswire, 25 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US Negotiator with North Korea Heads Back to Washington with No Accord," Agence France Presse, 25 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 February 1994
The United States and North Korea reach an agreement in which IAEA inspections of North Korean facilities will begin on 1 March. The United States agrees to hold a third round of high-level talks with North Korea starting on 31 March in Geneva. North Korea's representative to the UN, Pak Gil Yon, announces that on 1 March the United States and North Korea will take "four simultaneous steps" to resolve the deadlock on the issue. When asked about the visas for IAEA inspectors, Pak says that they are being granted "as we speak."
—Paul Lewis, "North Korea Agrees to Some U.N. Nuclear Inspections," New York Times, 26 February 1994, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Agrees to Nuclear Inspections form March 1," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Paul Lewis, "North Korea Grants Nuclear Inspectors Visas," New York Times, 27 February 1994, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

26 February 1994
North Korea issues visas to seven IAEA inspectors who will leave for Pyongyang on 27 February.
— Paul Lewis, "North Korea Grants Nuclear Inspectors Visas," New York Times, 27 February 1994, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 February 1994
Seven IAEA inspectors depart Vienna bound for Pyongyang. The seven-member team will conduct inspections of North Korea's seven declared nuclear facilities beginning on 1 March.
—"Inspection Team Leaves Vienna for N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 27 February 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 March 1994
General Gary Luck, commander of US forces in South Korea, announces to Congress that the joint US-South Korean Team Spirit military exercises will be cancelled. A few hours later (3 March) the South Korean Foreign Ministry announces the cancellation in Seoul. However, both the United States and South Korea state that the cancellation of the military exercises is contingent on North Korea allowing the completion of IAEA inspections at seven declared nuclear facilities and the resumption of inter-Korea dialogue regarding nuclear issues on the peninsula.
—Michael R. Gordon, "South Korea Offers Terms for Ending War Games," New York Times, 3 March 1994, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 March 1994
IAEA inspectors begin inspections at one of North Korea's seven declared nuclear facilities. The inspections, to be conducted at all seven declared facilities, are the first such inspections in over one year. The IAEA continues to urge North Korea to allow inspections at two suspected nuclear waste sites, but currently Pyongyang is limiting the inspections to the seven declared facilities.
—"UN Experts Inspect Nuclear Site," Press Association, 3 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Reuters, "U.S. And North Korea to Resume Talks March 21," New York Times, 4 March 1994, p. A15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 March 1994
North Korean Vice Foreign Minister Kang Sŏk Chu says that North Korea might halt IAEA inspections if the United States continues to insist on inter-Korean exchange of envoys as a precondition for canceling Team Spirit military exercises. According to Kang, "It is clear that if...the United States gives up halfway the decision to renounce the Team Spirit joint military exercises and delays the opening of the third round DPRK-US talks under an absurd pretext, we cannot satisfactorily ensure the IAEA's inspection that has already begun."
—"N. Korea Says U.S. Action Could End IAEA Inspection," Japan Economic Newswire, 4 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Associated Press (Tokyo), "North Korea Asserts U.S. Endangers Pact on Atom Inspections," New York Times, 5 March 1994, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 March 1994
The United States and South Korea agree that Washington should postpone the third round of high-level talks with Pyongyang scheduled for 21 March in Geneva. Meeting in Seoul, Kim Sam Hun, South Korea's special ambassador in charge of North Korean nuclear issues, and US Undersecretary of State Robert Gallucci agree that the IAEA inspections currently underway in North Korea must be concluded prior to the third round of talks.
—Kate Webb, "Gallucci Flies into Seoul for Talks on Nuclear Impasse," Agence France Presse, 10 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S. Korea, U.S. Discuss Delay of U.S.-N. Korea Talks," Japan Economic Newswire, 11 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 March 1994
North Korea threatens to boycott the third round of high-level talks with the United States if Washington continues to insist on "unreasonable preconditions." The North Korean Foreign Ministry claims that Pyongyang has fulfilled its commitments by resuming contact with Seoul and allowing IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities. However, the United States insists that IAEA inspectors were not given sufficient access and the exchange of presidential envoys between North and South Korea has yet to be realized.
—Korean Central Broadcasting Agency (Pyongyang), 15 March 1994, in "Foreign Ministry Spokesman on Implementing North Korea-US Agreement," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 17 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Threatens to Boycott Talks with U.S.," Agence France Presse, 15 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 March 1994
IAEA inspectors leave North Korea without being able to complete the full scope of their planned inspections. According to IAEA spokesman David Kyd, "We were only able to partially fulfill our mission." The inspectors reportedly discovered seals that had been tampered with and were denied access to a site described by North Korean officials as a "Radiochemistry Laboratory" but is suspected of being used for plutonium extraction. According to officials from the United States, Japan and South Korea, inspectors were prevented form taking any samples from within the "glove box" of the suspected reprocessing facility.
—"North Korea Threatens to Halt Nuclear Inspections Again," Associated Press, 15 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Prevented Full IAEA Inspections," Agence France Presse, 15 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Blocks Key Nuclear Checks," Toronto Star, 16 March 1994, p. A24, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; David E. Sanger, "North Korea Said to Block Taking of Radioactive Samples from Site," New York Times, 16 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; George Jahn, "Inspectors Blocked from Learning if Nuclear Fuel Was Diverted," Associated Press, 16 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 March 1994
The United States cancels high-level talks with North Korea scheduled to begin on 21 March and resumes plans to conduct the annual Team Spirit joint military exercise with South Korea. The cancellation of the talks and resumption of the military exercises come in the wake of North Korea's refusal to allow IAEA inspectors to take samples at a suspected plutonium reprocessing plant during agreed upon inspections in early March.
—Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Cancels Talks with North Korea over Atom Inspections," New York Times, 17 March 1994, p. A10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Stephen Robinson, "US Retaliates after N Korea Blocks Nuclear Inspection," The Daily Telegraph, 17 March 1994, p. 16, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Gretchen Cook, "US Backs off after North Korea Breaks Nuclear Promise," Agence France Presse, 17 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Robert Burns, "Clinton Says Military Preparations in Korea under Consideration," Associated Press, 18 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 March 1994
Lee Ch'ung Kuk defects to South Korea. Lee, a former analyst and translator for the Ministry of People's Armed Forces Nuclear Chemical Defense Bureau, supplies South Korean officials with information about North Korea's nuclear weapons and chemical weapons programs.
—U Chong Chang, Chugan Chosun, 30 June 1994, pp. 26-28, in "Weekly Assesses DPRK Nuclear War Preparations," FBIS-EAS-94-126, 30 June 1994, p. 38; "Pukhan'gun Chungsa Kwisun," Donga Ilbo, 19 March 1994, p. 31, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

18 March 1994
North Korea claims that recently concluded IAEA inspections of its nuclear facilities were sufficient. Quoting a spokesman for the General Department in Atomic Energy, the Korean Central News Agency reports that North Korea has "permitted all the activities within the scope needed for maintaining the continuity of the safeguards," and that the IAEA was "widening its partiality...in pursuing its ill-disposed political purposes under the United States' manipulation."
—Korean Central News Agency (Pyongyang), 18 March 1994, in "North Korean Statement Rejects IAEA View of Recent Inspections," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Says Nuclear Checks Were Satisfactory," United Press International, 18 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 March 1994
During bilateral talks between the two Koreas, North Korean delegate Pak Yŏng Su says, "Seoul is not very far from here. Seoul can be turned into a sea of fire. We will match dialogue with dialogue, and war with war."
—Cho Min Ho, "'Seoul Pulbada Toel'gŏt' Puk Tanjang Kŭg'ŏn/Nambuk 8 Ch'a Shilmujŏpch'ok P'anmunjŏm P'yojŏng," Segye Ilbo, 20 March 1994, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; R. Jeffrey Smith and Ann Devroy, "U.S. Backs Maneuvers In S. Korea," Washington Post, 20 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Will Urge U.N. To Plan Sanctions for North Korea," New York Times, 20 March 1994, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Norman Kempster, "U.S. to Urge Sanctions for N. Korea," Los Angeles Times, 20 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; David Usborne, "North Korea 'Ready for War'," The Independent, 20 March 1994, p. 16, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19 March 1994
The Clinton administration decides to ask the UN to get prepared to impose economic sanctions against North Korea. According to the Washington Post, the United States will ask for a Security Council vote on a resolution calling for complete access to North Korea's nuclear facilities. The administration also decides to reinstate joint military exercises with South Korea. North Korea has said it will consider economic sanctions an act of war.
—Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Will Urge U.N. To Plan Sanctions for North Korea," New York Times, 20 March 1994, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; R. Jeffrey Smith and Ann Devroy, "U.S. Backs Maneuvers In S. Korea," Washington Post, 20 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Norman Kempster, "U.S. to Urge Sanctions for N. Korea," Los Angeles Times, 20 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; David Usborne, "North Korea 'Ready for War'," The Independent, 20 March 1994, p. 16, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US to Reschedule Joint Military Exercises with South Korea," Agence France Presse, 20 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 March 1994
The North Korean Foreign Ministry issues a six-page statement in which it says that Pyongyang will pull out of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) if the IAEA refers North Korea's alleged obstruction of inspections to the UN Security Council, and if the United States and South Korea go ahead with the Team Spirit military exercise. According to the statement, "If the United States avoids the talks and...resumes the Team Spirit joint military exercise in 1994, and if the IAEA widens its partiality and resorts to strong-arm politics and pressure...we will have no alternative but to carry into practice the measures declared in March last year in order to defend the sovereignty of the nation and the security of the state."
—"North Korea Threatens Withdrawal from Nuclear Treaty," United Press International, 20 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; David A. Sanger, "North Korea Bars A-Plant Survey; Threatens to Quit Nuclear Treaty," New York Times, 21 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 March 1994
President Clinton announces that the United States will send Patriot missiles to South Korea in response to growing tensions on the Korean Peninsula. Speaking to reporters in Florida, Clinton says, "We have agreed that it is our national interest and in the interest of the security if the people of South Korea and the security of our armed forces there to send Patriot missiles at this time." According to a Pentagon spokesman, the missiles will be transported by sea and reach South Korea in about 30 days.
—Jim Abrams, "Clinton Says United States Sending Patriot Missiles to South Korea," Associated Press, 21 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Michael R. Gordon, "U.S. Goes to U.N. to Increase The Pressure on North Korea," New York Times, 22 March 1994, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21 March 1994
The United States presents a draft resolution to the UN Security Council calling on North Korea to accept additional IAEA inspections. The resolution stops short of calling for economic sanctions but leaves such an option open if North Korea does not readmit IAEA inspectors within one month.
—South Korean News Agency [sic], 22 March 1994, in "UN Security Council Discusses North Korean Nuclear Issues," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 23 March 1994, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Paul Lewis, "China Shields North Koreans on Atom Issue," New York Times, 30 March 1994, p. A10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 March 1994
South Korean President Kim Young Sam places the South Korean military on high alert in response to a North Korean delegate's remark that North Korea could turn Seoul into a "sea of fire." Kim is scheduled to leave for Japan and China tomorrow.
—Terry McCarthy and Teresa Poole, "Seoul Forces Put on Alert as Tension with North Grows, The Independent, 23 March 1994, p. 10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; John Burton and George Graham, "S Korean Forces Go on Alert as N-Plant Row with North Grows," Financial Times, 23 March 1994, p. 24, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; T.R. Reid, "North Korea Warns of 'Brink of War'," Washington Post, 23 March 1994, p. A23, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Steven Greenhouse, "Christopher Says U.S. Stays Firm on Korea, But Pledges Diplomacy," New York Times, 23 March 1994, p. A12, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 March 1994
IAEA spokesman David Kyd announces that it appears that North Korea will complete the construction of its 50MW(e) nuclear reactor in Yŏngbyŏn-kun on schedule by the end of 1994. Kyd says it appears that North Korea is constructing a third nuclear reactor in T'aech'ŏn-kun, which is scheduled for completion in early 1996.