This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

8 January 1998
Pakistan reported that it has developed a new ballistic missile, Ghauri, that has a range of 1,500 to 2,000 km. The Ghauri will fulfill a long-held Pakistani objective to counter India's “strategic depth."” Pakistan said that the Ghauri is designed to counter India's Prithvi missile.
--“Ghauri Missile Of Pakistan,” FBIS-TAC-98-008, 8 January 1998; Delhi All India Radio Network, 5 January 1998.

9 February 1998
Media reports in Pakistan suggest that Islamabad will display its Ghauri 1,500km (930-mile) range medium range ballistic missile (MRBM) on 23 March 1998, Pakistan's National Day. Some estimates indicate that the Ghauri's range may be as much as 2,000km (1,240 miles). The Jang newspaper (Rawalpindi) reported that the Ghauri is capable of carrying both nuclear and chemical warheads. In addition, US intelligence reports concluded that it was “probable that Pakistan had developed nuclear warheads small enough to be carried by a Chinese M-11 short-range ballistic missile (SRBM).” Accuracy is estimated at 250m circular error probable (CEP).

Pakistani reports say that Pakistan developed the Ghauri indigenously. However, "there is little doubt that the Ghauri is in fact a Chinese system whose production in Pakistan would amount to little more than assembling complete imported subsystems."
Indian analyst K. Subrahmanyam suggested that the Ghauri is the Chinese CSS-2 rather than a hybrid missile consisting of "stacked M-9s or M-11s. The Ghauri will have the capability to target both population centers and military installations throughout northern and central India. India's Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) leader Lal Krishna Advani demanded an immediate Indian response to the threat posed by the Ghauri. Advani demanded that the "United Front government immediately embark on the weaponization of the nuclear option and expedite the development and operationalization of Agni-1 and hasten the development of Agni-2." The Agni-2 is an unconfirmed Indian 5,000km (3,100-mile) range intermediate range ballistic missile (IRBM).
-- “Pakistan Set To Unveil 'Ghauri' MRBM In March,” Current Missile News, 9 February 1998, <http://www.cdiss.org>.

21 February 1998
In an interview with Voice of America, Pakistani Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub said that Pakistan is indigenously manufacturing missiles. He denied reports indicating that Pakistan was getting missiles from China. “Pakistani engineers have themselves acquired this technology and they are manufacturing [missiles] indigenously.”
--“Pakistan Manufacturing Indigenous Missiles: Gohar,” Pakistan Link, 21 February 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com>.

16 March 1998
An unidentified source said that Pakistan will not test-fire the Ghauri ballistic missile on 22 March 1998 due to intense US pressure. The Pakistan's People's Party (PPP) asked the government to share with the people of Pakistan its reasons and circumstances for not test-firing the Ghauri. A PPP spokesman said that the Pakistani government developed the Ghauri in response to the Indian threat posed by the Prithvi and Agni missiles. The spokesman also said that in view of the threat posed by India, “our people must be assured that we too have adequate response to any threat.”
-- Faraz Hashmi, “Pakistan Gives Up Plan To Test Missile,” Dawn, 16 March 1998, <http://dawn.com>; "The Missile Test Cancellation: PPP Asks Government To Take Nation Into Confidence," Dawn, 17 March 1998.

22 March 1998
Western diplomats and Pakistani intelligence sources announced that Pakistan is preparing to test launch its new Ghauri surface-to-surface ballistic missile at Gwadar Bay base, on the coast of the Arabian Sea.
Intelligence sources said that Pakistan's original test launch had been cancelled due to diplomatic pressure from the United States and the United Kingdom. However, an unnamed source said, “There is no question of Pakistan backing down on the missile question. The test will go ahead whatever the cost for relations with the West.”
-- Stephen Grey, “Pakistan Plays Poker With India,” Sunday Times, 22 March 1998, <www.sundaytimes.com>.

1 April 1998
Pakistani President Mohammad Rafiq Tarar suggested on 18 April 1998 that Pakistan was considering developing three further missiles. "Ghauri, Ghaznavi, Babri, and Abdali missiles should be developed to make the defense of Pakistan impregnable." Pakistani government officials suggested that the Ghaznavi would have a range of 2,000km. No new information was given about the Babri or Abdali. On 15 April 1998, Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan said that the Ghauri’s range could be increased further.
--“Pakistan To Accelerate Missile Program,” Current Missile News, April 1998, <http://www.cdiss.org/>.

7 April 1998
A Pakistani foreign ministry spokesman said Pakistan successfully test fired the Ghauri medium-range surface-to-surface missile on 6 April 1998. The Ghauri, with a range of 1,500km and a payload of 700kg, is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. A Pakistani foreign office spokesman reported that the missile had hit its “target at a range of 1,100km without any error.” The foreign ministry also reported that "this test represents a step forward in Pakistan's indigenous missile capability through the dedication and commitment of our scientists and engineers."
--“Pakistan Tests Medium-Range Ghauri Missile,” Times Of India, 7 April 1998, <www.timesofindia.com>; Amit Baruah, “Pak. Testfires 1,500-km Range Missile,” The Hindu, 7 April 1998, <www.hinduonline.com>.

7 April 1998
Pakistani scientists reported that the Ghauri intermediate-range ballistic missile is capable of carrying nuclear warheads and is able to target most major Indian cities. The scientists said that the Ghauri is Pakistan's equivalent to India's Prithvi and Agni missiles.
--“Pak Test-Fires N-Head Capacity Missile,” Indian Express, 7 April 1998, <www.expressindia.com>.

7 April 1998
A Pakistani Foreign Office spokesman announced that Pakistan would like to avoid an arms race with India and that its testing of the Ghauri missile would have no impact on the Foreign Secretary-level talks with India. The talks are in accordance with an agreement between India and Pakistan in June 1997 in Islamabad. The spokesman reported that the reason the "test" would not effect India-Pakistan Secretary-level talks is because "so may other developments have taken place, which have not deterred us from holding talks with India." The spokesman further added that India has carried out numerous tests of various missiles and these tests have yet to deter Pakistan from continuing talks with India.
The spokesman also said that the Ghauri was "for the time being" a research and development effort, and "since the effort was indigenous no international sanctions would come into effect."
-- Amit Baruah, “Test Will Not Affect Talks, Says Pak,” The Hindu, 7 April 1998, <www.hinduonline.com>.

7 April 1998
Pakistan successfully test fired the Ghauri, a medium-range surface-to- surface missile, on 6 April 1998. The Ghauri has a range of about 950 miles and is believed to have the capability of delivering nuclear weapons. It would appear that "Pakistan has revived symbolically the regional rivalry between Hindu and Muslim," because the missile was named after an Afghan Muslim king who defeated a Hindu ruler in the 12th century.

Pakistan said that development of the Ghauri was entirely an internal effort. Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said, "our scientists, by their high sense of commitment and skill, have shown that Pakistan has mastered complex technologies. The entire nation is proud of their achievement."
-- Zahid Hussain, “Pakistan Missile Can Hit Delhi,” The Times, 7 April 1998, <http://www.sunday-times.co.uk>.

8 April 1998
The test-launch of Pakistan's Ghauri ballistic missile on 6 April 1998 has started an "earnest nuclear and missile row" between India and Pakistan. The missile test will also increase tension between Pakistan and the United States. The significance of the Pakistani missile test "is that it confirms the putative nuclear weapons of Pakistan." Pakistan's effort is small compared to the bigger, more expensive, and integrated nuclear weapons of India. The domestic pressure on Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif to take a firm stand on India is increasing. As relations between Pakistan and India worsen, the United States will be provided an opportunity by both countries to play an important, more dominant role in South Asia.
-- M.B. Naqvi, “Ghauri Will Intensify Arms Race In Sub-Continent,” Times of India, 8 April 1998, <http://www.timesofindia.com/>.

9 April 1998
The senior vice-chairman of the Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP), Makhdoom Amin Fahim, said that Pakistan's indigenous missile program had received political and financial support from the PPP government of Benazir Bhutto. Fahim said, "the government of Benazir Bhutto believed that indigenous missile capability was the only real answer to the challenges posed by the development of Pakistan-specific Prithvi and Agni missiles by India which had disturbed the delicate balance of power in the region."
--“Benazir Deserves All Credit For Ghauri Missile: PPP,” Pakistan Link, 9 April 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com>.

10 April 1998
A US Arms Control official said that there was no evidence that China assisted Pakistan in its testing of the medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri. US Undersecretary of State John Holum said that China has helped Pakistan's missile program in the past, however, "it's true that Pakistan has sought assistance from a number of sources for its missile programs." In regards to China's assistance to Pakistan, China's Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhu Bangzao said that there was not "the slightest connection."
--“US Probing China's Role In Missile Test Firing By Pak,” The Indian Express, 10 April 1998, <http://www.expressindia.com>.

14 April 1998
Pakistani Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub said that Pakistan has been able to acquire a deterrent capability "despite all odds and pressures." He said, "Pakistan could not be oblivious of its genuine security concerns in the wake of massive arms build-up by India." Khan said the test-fire of the Ghauri missile was "a landmark in [Pakistan's] efforts to acquire a credible indigenous missile capability."
Indian Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has proposed a resumption in the dialogue between India and Pakistan. Khan said that Pakistan has welcomed the new government in India, "despite its public utterances of exercising [India's] nuclear weapons option."
--“Gohar Says Pakistan Aware Of Indian Arms Build-Up: Deterrence Has Been Achieved,” Dawn, 14 April 1998, <http://dawn.com/>.

19 April 1998
Pakistani President Mohammed Rafiq Tarar has asked Pakistani scientists to develop more missiles. Tarar said "the Ghauri, Ghaznavi, Babri, and Abdali missiles should be developed to make the country's defense impregnable, and that the scientists should ignore any amount of pressure that may arise because of this."
--“Pakistan President Wants More Missiles Developed,” Inquisit Agent Report, 19 April 1998, <www.inquisit.com>.

20 April 1998
Pakistani President Muhammad Rafiq Tarar said that Pakistan will further its missile development program by developing a series of new missiles that will be named after Muslim rulers. Tarar also said, "the Ghauri, Ghaznavi, Babri and Abdali missiles should be developed to make the defense of Pakistan impregnable, and the country should ignore any amount of pressure." Tarar recommended establishing a commission that would "enhance cooperation among the Muslim world in political and economic fields."
-- Shahid Ahmed Khan, “Pakistan Should Expedite Missile Plan,” The Times Of India, 20 April 1998, <www.timesofindia.com>.

22 April 1998
V.K. Saraswat, a senior Indian defense scientist, said that Pakistan's Ghauri intermediate-range ballistic missile does not pose a threat to India because it is still in the development stage. Saraswat also said that Pakistan would need at least five more years before the Ghauri would be ready for production. Saraswat reported that India could destroy any possible threat posed by Pakistan. He said that India's missiles could easily reach Karachi and other strategically important places located on Pakistan's coast. Saraswat also reported that India would not further its development of intercontinental missiles. However, different models of existing missiles would be developed, "enhancing their capacity up to 5,000km."
-- Shyam Parekh, “Ghauri Is Still In Development,” The Times Of India, 22 April 1998.

24 April 1998
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said that he is calling on South Asia to become an area free of weapons of mass destruction and missile systems. Sharif said that he was motivated to open a dialog between Pakistan and India due to his concern for peace and economic development in the region. Although promoting such an option, Sharif said that Pakistan "cannot remain complacent about any development which would threaten [Pakistan's] security."
--“Nawaz Favors missile free South Asia,” Pakistan Link, 24 April 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com/>.

30 April 1998
Pakistani officials said that China is supplying Pakistan with technical assistance for its first missile boat. The boat, which is being built by Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW), will carry surface-to-surface missiles that have an estimated range of 150km. The vessel will have the ability to travel at 25 knots and will be used for coastal defense.
--“Pakistan To Build First Missile Boat,” The Nation, 30 April 1998, <www.nation.com.pk>.

1 May 1998
Pakistani Defense Secretary Lt-Gen. Iftikhar Ali Khan reported that the Pakistani Navy is building a missile boat with Chinese assistance. The missile boat will cost Rs 824 million ($18.7 million, 30 April 1998), has a speed of 25 knots and will be capable of firing C-802 type surface-to-surface missiles with a range of 150km. Khan also reported that the "bulk" of the missile boat will be built from foreign companies and the estimated time for completion is 16 months. In addition, Khan said, "as a defense planner, I feel that it is of paramount importance that expansion and modernization of the country's port and shipping sector be undertaken on a war footing."
--“Pakistan Begins Work On Its First Missile Boat,” Dawn, 1 May 1998, <http://dawn.com>.

5 May 1998
Pakistani Minister of State for Foreign Affairs Siddique Khan Kanju said despite foreign pressure, Pakistan will continue its missile program to make the country's defense "invincible." Kanju said that Pakistan "wants to have the best friendly and bilateral relations with all countries including the United States but not at the cost of the country's security." Kanju said that Pakistan's nuclear program would also be continued, but assured that it was only for peaceful purposes.
--“Pakistan To Continue Missile Program: Kanju,” Pakistan Link, 5 May 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com/>.

5 May 1998
The United States imposed sanctions against Pakistan's nuclear research center based in Kahuta and against North Korean companies suspected of assisting Pakistan in its tests of the medium-range missile "Ghauri". The US State Department reported that the missile tests were a "violation of the regime of control over non-proliferation of nuclear technologies." The sanctions prohibit cooperation with these organizations by US companies. Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif declared that the "symbolic sanctions imposed by the United States would in no way impede Pakistan's advance towards creation of the most powerful weapons to reinforce its defense potential."
--“Pakistan Ignores US Sanctions Following Tests Of Ghauri,” Inquisit, 5 May 1998, <www.inquisit.com>.

5 May 1998
The United States imposed sanctions against two Pakistani and North Korean firms who allegedly co-operated in the test-firing of the Ghauri missile. The public notice of the missile proliferation sanctions was issued on 24 April 1998 by the Bureau of Political-Military Affairs in the State Department and signed by Eric D. Newsom, acting assistant secretary of state.

The notification named two companies: Changgwang Sinyong Corporation (also known as North Korea Mining Development Trading Corporation) and its sub-units, successors, and affiliated companies, and Khan Research Laboratories in Pakistan, its sub-units, and successors.

The sanctions cover a two year period and include: new individual licenses for exports to the companies under the Export Administration Act of 1979, new licenses for exports to the companies under the Arms Export Control Act, government contracts with the companies involving prohibited missile technology proliferation activities, and products produced by the companies. Additional sanctions were applied to the North Korean government since it was "a non-market economy that is not a former member of the Warsaw Pact." These sanctions include North Korean government activity relating to the development and production of missile equipment or technology and all activities for the production of electronics, space systems, or equipment and military aircraft.

Pakistani Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub said that the sanctions will have no practical implications on Pakistan, since it does not receive aid or military assistance from the United States. During a press conference at the Pakistan embassy on 5 May 1998, Ambassador Riaz Khokhar said that imposing sanctions was "discrimination on the part of the US and such policies or laws will not serve the purpose of nonproliferation." The briefing also covered purchase of US F-16 aircraft by Pakistan, which have been paid for but not yet received. Khokhar said that Pakistan had "formally informed the US that it would file a case in a US court to recover the money paid for the F-16 aircraft." Asked whether Pakistan would attempt to recover the interest accumulated on the $658 million deal, Khokhar said that would be brought up "at the right time."
-- Shaheen Sehbai, “Kahuta Put On US Black List US,” Dawn, 5 May 1998, <http://dawn.com/>; Amit Baruah, "Pak. Claims On Ghauri Dashed," Hindu, 5 May 1998, p. 12, <http://www.hinduonline.com/>; Shaheen Sehbai, "US Action On Kahuta Biased, Says Pakistan," Dawn, 6 May 1998, <http://dawn.com/>.

7 May 1998
US Congressman Frank Pallone said that the United States should reassess its relationship with Pakistan and stop "appeasing" Pakistan in light of recent "disturbing" events. Pallone said that a reassessment is long overdue, in view of Pakistan's recent test-firing of the Ghauri missile and allegations that Pakistan offered to share nuclear arms technology with Iraq. Pallone said that the current policy toward Pakistan is one of "appeasement," and that US policy should be stronger in terms of "discouraging the continued trend toward destabilization and weapons proliferation that the Pakistani government continues to engage in."
--“Neighbors - US Needs To Stop 'Appeasing' Pakistan: Pallone,” India Express, 7 May 1998, <http://www.expressindia.com/>.

7 May 1998
Pakistani Foreign Minister Gohar Ayub Khan said that the development of the Ghauri missile has given Pakistan an edge over India in missile technology. Khan said, "in the missile race we have overtaken them." In developing the Ghauri, Pakistan has "shattered the myth of India's strategic depth and could reach any Indian city." According to Khan, "if Pakistan marked Indian cities, the way Indians had every Pakistani city in their range, massive destruction could take place." However, he added, "it should never come to this."
--“Ghauri Gives Pakistan Edge Over India: Gohar,” Dawn, 7 May 1998, <http://dawn.com/>.

20 May 1998
Analysts believe that North Korea may be Pakistan's silent partner in the development of intermediate-range ballistic missiles. Pakistan tested its Ghauri intermediate-range ballistic missile (1,500km range) on 6 April 1998. North Korean and Pakistani cooperation in the development of ballistic missiles is supposed to have begun during the Iran-Iraq war when the former apparently supplied 160 Scud Mod B (known as Hwasong 5 in North Korea) to Iran. North Korean and Pakistani missile engineers and experts worked together on Iran's ballistic missile program.

North Korea sold drilling and milling equipment to Pakistan. The two countries also launched a clandestine program to procure nuclear and missile technologies from Germany. Pakistan is also suspected of having shared nuclear technology with North Korea. Cooperation was expanded in 1988 after Benazir Bhutto became prime minister of Pakistan. Benazir Bhutto is credited with the acceleration of missile cooperation with both China and North Korea. During her tenure as prime minister, Pakistani officials are alleged to have visited North Korea's Sanum-dong missile development center to appraise the No-dong ballistic missile. In July 1992, North Korea's Deputy Foreign Minister, Kim Yong-nam visited Pakistan. High on the agenda was the sale of the Scud Mod C and the No-dong ballistic missiles to Pakistan.

On 29-30 May 1993, Pakistani and Iranian missile specialists witnessed the firing of a No-dong and three Scud Mod B/C missiles in North Korea. Benazir Bhutto's subsequent visit in December 1993 to Pyongyang, probably led to the inception of the Ghauri.

North Korea supplied Pakistan with major components including fuel tanks and rocket engines for the Ghauri. According to intelligence sources, Chinese assistance has been indirect and mainly confined areas of soft engineering such as guidance. It is also likely that North Korea served as a conduit for Chinese ballistic missile component transfers to Pakistan. On 24 April 1998, the US State Department determined that missile-related transfers between North Korea's Changgwang Sinyong Corporation and Pakistan's Khan Research Laboratories had led to the development of the Ghauri and imposed sanctions on the two organizations.
-- Joseph Bermudez, “A Silent Partner,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 20 May 1998, pp.16-17.

28 May 1998
On 27 May 1998, Pakistan moved out several dozen launching pads loaded with Ghauri intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBM) from Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) to unidentified sites. The Ghauri is capable of carrying both nuclear and conventional warheads and has a range of 1500km.

Media reports suggested that the deployment of the Ghauri missiles were to enable Pakistan to respond immediately if India launched a pre-emptive strike against Pakistani nuclear installations.

[VOG] reported on 27 May 1999 that Pakistan had completed all preparations to detonate at least two nuclear devices within 24 to 48 hours.
--“Ghauri Missiles Deployed To Pre-Empt Raid On Pakistan's Nuclear Installations,” Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies, PIADS Pakistan Defence News Bulletin, 28 May 1998, <http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/1226/news98may.html>.

28 May 1998
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif reported on May 28 that Pakistan conducted five nuclear tests and had "settled the score with India." Sharif also reported that Pakistan would weaponize its intermediate-range ballistic missile Ghauri with nuclear warheads.

In addition, Sharif criticized the international community's response to India's nuclear tests and said, "Pakistan was left with no choice but to detonate its own nuclear devices." Finally, while Pakistanis cheered in the streets of Islamabad, India's parliament erupted into shouting as opposition leaders blamed the government for starting a nuclear arms race.
--“Pakistan Conducts Five Nuclear Tests,” New York Times, 28 May 1998, <www.nytimes.com>.

29 May 1998
Pakistani Defense Ministry officials reported that Pakistan had tested the medium-range ballistic missile Shaheen, which is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The Shaheen has an estimated range of 2,500km and was test-fired at 0615hrs on 29 May 1998 in a desert in the southwestern province of Baluchistan.
--“Pakistan Tests Long-Range missile,” Inquisit, 29 May 1998, <www.inquisit.com>.

1 June 1998
US intelligence officials reported that Pakistan will conduct a second launch of its medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri. The officials also said that Pakistan has 12 Ghauri missiles and 30 Chinese-made short-range M-11's. US intelligence officials reported that Pakistani press reports, which said that Pakistan had launched on 29 May 1998 two medium-range ballistic missiles, Abdali and Ghaznavi, were inaccurate.
-- T.V. Parasuram, “Second Launch Of Ghauri Likely Soon,” Times Of India, 1 June 1998, <www.timesofindia.com>.

1 June 1998
Unnamed CIA officials reported that Pakistan is preparing to launch its medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri and its short-range ballistic missile Tarmuk. The Ghauri has an estimated range of 900 miles and is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The Tarmuk has an estimated range of 250 miles. Michael Beardon, a former CIA official said that "Pakistan is a screw-turn away from weaponizing its bomb, putting it on a missile or dropping it from an F-16." CIA officials said that India has the same weaponization readiness as Pakistan.
-- Ramesh Chandran, “Pakistan Ready To Test-Fire Ghauri, Tarnuk,” Times Of India, 1 June 1998, <www.timesofindia.com>.

1 June 1998
Pakistan reported that it would continue to develop plans for a new medium-range ballistic missile called the Shaheen-2. Samar Mubarakmand, head of Pakistan's missile program, said that the Shaheen-2 is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead 2,000km and could be test-fired within a year. Mubarakmand also said that the Shaheen-1 is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead, has an estimated range of 700km and could be tested within days. In addition, Mubarakmand said, "we have ground tested the missile, which allows maximum accuracy and can travel 700km in seven seconds." He also said that "the Shaheen-1 has been mounted on a launching pad and awaits the go-ahead from the government." Mubarakmand said the Shaheen was solid-fueled and "could hit the target with a precision of 250m," and that the Shaheen was produced indigenously by Pakistan's National Development Complex (NDC). His comments came after Abdul Qadeer Khan, the architect of Pakistan's nuclear program, said, "the country was going into mass production of the Ghauri long-range missile and could create nuclear weapons within days."
--“Pakistan Developing Long-Range Missile,” The Nation (Lahore), 1 June 1998, <www.nation.com>; Khalid Qayum, "Shaheen Missile Awaits Go-Ahead For Test-Fire," The Nation, 1 June 1998, <www.nation.com>.

1 June 1998
US President Bill Clinton condemned Pakistan's sixth nuclear test conducted on 30 May 1998. Clinton said, "Pakistan and India are contributing to a self-defeating cycle of escalation" and he urged both countries to "renounce further nuclear and missile testing immediately and take decisive steps to reverse this dangerous arms race."
CIA reports revealed on 30 May 1998 that Pakistan is preparing to test-fire its medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri. The Ghauri has an estimated range of 900 miles and is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead. The reports also revealed that Pakistan as of 30 May 1998 is preparing to test-fire a second "shorter range missile named the Tarmuk." The Tarmuk has an estimated range of 250 miles.
-- N.C. Menon, “Pak's Sixth Test Triggers Anger And Frustration,” Hindustan Times, 1 June 1998, <www.hinustantimes.com>.

1 June 1998
Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, head of Pakistan's nuclear test program, said that Pakistan was able to test a thermonuclear device if the government gave the mandate to do so. Mubarakmand also said that it was important to have a fission test first, before a thermonuclear test. Since Pakistan conducted a successful fission test Mubarakmand said, "we can now proceed towards thermonuclear technology, if required."

Mubarakmand reported that the accumulated yield of the five tests conducted on 28 May 1998 was 40kt to 45kt. He said that the test conducted on 30 May 1998 was only one device and its yield was 15kt to 18kt. He also said that the second test was of a miniaturized device that could be mounted on missiles.
-- Khalid Qayum, “Shaheen Missile Awaits Go-Ahead For Test-Fire,” The Nation (Lahore), 1 June 1998, <www.nation.com>.

2 June 1998
Chinese Foreign Ministry spokesman Zhu Bangzao said that China did not transfer missile or nuclear related technology to Pakistan. Bangzao said "China is a responsible nation with a serious commitment to non-proliferation."
--“China Denies Weapons Aid To Pakistan,” Inquisit, 2 June 1998, <www.inquisit.com>.

5 June 1998
Japanese news media reports said that Pakistan may have transferred a nuclear bomb to North Korea in exchange for medium-range surface-to-surface No-dong missiles. Western defense experts reported that North Korea transferred 10 to 11 No-dong missiles to Pakistan through China in what the experts described as a "missile and nuclear axis between China-Pakistan-North Korea." Paul Beaver, a spokesman for Jane's Information Group, said that Pakistan's test of the Ghauri missile conducted on 6 April 1998 was just the No-dong with a "few minor modifications by Pakistani scientists."

Japanese authorities are concerned that North Korea may develop its nuclear arsenal, which may create a chain reaction with South Korea. US intelligence sources said "it has been confirmed that North Korea, with Chinese collusion had transferred medium-range surface-to-surface missiles to Pakistan." US sources also said that "in return Pakistan had given North Korea access to its nuclear weapons technology." The sources further added that it would not be long before "Iran had the same access to Pakistan nuclear technology as well as North Korean missiles."
--“Pak Transfers N-Technology To N. Korea In Exchange For Missiles,” Indian Express, 5 June 1998, <www.expressindia.com>.

1 July 1998
US Assistant Secretary of Defense Kenneth Bacon is skeptical whether June 1998 Pakistani press reports on Pakistan's testing of new missiles are credible. The last confirmed missile Pakistan tested was the Ghauri missile on 6 April 1998. The Ghauri missile has an estimated range of 1,300km. The Pakistani press has since reported that Pakistan tested two more missiles, Shaheen-2 and Shaheen-3. The US Government does not have evidence that the missiles exist. It does have evidence, however, that Pakistan is working to develop a shorter-range missile with an estimated range between 500-600km, known as the Tarmuk. The US government's 1997 edition of the Proliferation Threat and Response report says that Pakistan already has two ballistic missile systems: the Pakistani-produced Hatf-1 with a range of 80km; and a short-range ballistic missile (SRBM) with a range of 300km. It is possible that the SRBM is the aforementioned Tarmuk. A third missile, the Hatf-2, appears to have been discontinued.

India and Pakistan are developing, testing, and discussing weaponizing their missiles with nuclear warheads. It is estimated that both countries will be able to weaponize within a year or two. The United States has requested that both countries halt weaponization and testing, and sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty and the Fissile Materials Cutoff Agreement. Bacon reported that North Korea has completed its No-dong missile. He would not comment, however, on whether the missile has been deployed or is operational. The US Government is investigating whether Pakistan's Ghauri missile is based upon the No-dong.
--“No-dong Development Completed, Says US Government,” Missiles and Rockets, July 1998, p.5.

19 July 1998
Al-Akhbar, a Pakistani newspaper, reported on 19 July 1998 that Pakistan had "manufactured" a new intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) named Abdali. The missile has an estimated range of 3,500km/2,170 miles. The Al-Akhbar report said that the Abdali's "laboratory tests had been successful and that the missile could be tested at anytime in open air."
--“Pakistan To Test New 3,500km Missile,” CDISS, 19 July 1998, <www.cdiss.org>.

9 August 1998
Pakistani scientist Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, Director of Pakistan's Atomic Energy Commission said that Pakistan is able to test-fire the Shaheen-1 at any time. The Shaheen-1 is a medium-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile that has an estimated range of 750km. Mubarakmand said that "we can conduct the first test-fire of the Shaheen missile at any time, but it depends on the decision of the government to carry out the test."
--“Shaheen Missile Test-Fire Any Time: Pak Scientist,” Pakistani Link Headlines, 9 August 1998, <www.pakistanlink.com>.

24 August 1998
An unidentified unexploded US cruise missile was found on 22 August 1998 in Pakistan. Pakistani officials said that the missile was found approximately 10km from Kharam near the site where Pakistan conducted its nuclear tests in May. Previous reports made on 22 August 1998 by the Pakistani foreign office claimed that a US cruise missile exploded in Pakistan, killing six people. The Pakistani government retracted the statement on the grounds that it was based on erroneous information. Consequently, the Pakistani intelligence bureau chief, Chaudhry Manzoor Ahmed, was fired over of the incident.
-- Saleem Shahid, “Unexploded US Missile Found Near Kharan,” Dawn, 24 August 1998, <www.dawn.com>.

26 August 1998
An unexploded US Tomahawk cruise missile was found in Pakistan on 21 August 1998. US experts said that the missile's target was intended to strike a terrorist camp located in Afghanistan. However, the missile malfunctioned and landed in Kharan, in the vicinity of Pakistan's nuclear test site. The United States would like the missile returned but Pakistan has alternative ideas. One Pakistani official said that "Pakistan should make the most of this opportunity and immediately hand it over to scientists for necessary action. Advance technology can be acquired through reverse engineering and there is no reason why Pakistan shouldn't make an attempt to do this with the Tomahawk." In addition, Pakistan is facing security concerns because Pakistan's defenses are unable to detect a Tomahawk missile attack. One official said that "Pakistan has no defense against the Tomahawk and if one day it is used against Pakistan's nuclear installations, or for that matter any other target, there is little that we can do about it."
-- Fahd Husain, “Tomahawk: Finders Keepers,” The Nation (Islamabad), 26 August 1998.

27 August 1998
During US-Pakistani talks on 25 August 1998 in London, the Pakistani Government agreed to hold high level talks with the United States regarding negotiating a mechanism for export control of nuclear and missile technology. Proposed talks will take place in September 1998 in Geneva. The Pakistani Government has shown signs of willingness toward negotiating a Fissile Material Cutoff Treaty (FMCT) and possibly signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). US officials are currently discussing an economic bargain for Pakistan in return for its assent to the CTBT.
--“Pakistan Agrees To Check On Fissile Material Export,” Pakistan Link, 27 August 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com/>.

28 August 1998
Pakistani security sources said that Pakistani scientists were examining various components of the US Tomahawk cruise missile that was found unexploded on 21 August 1998. The scientists are studying the guidance system, onboard computer, and propulsion system. An unidentified Pakistani official said that the find was a "jackpot that included the satellite global positioning system and other technological improvements made to the Tomahawks since the 1991 Persian Gulf War." However, Retired US Lt. Gen. Thomas G. McInerney doubts the significance of the Pakistani find. He said that "when a cruise missile crashes it's like dropping a Waterford crystal glass. They are very fragile and are not designed to bounce." In addition, McInerney said that what did not break on impact would probably have been burned by the missile's fuel, which would ignite on impact.
-- Kamran Khan, “Pakistan Says It Is Studying Errant US Missile,” Washington Post, 28 August 1998, <http://www.washingtonpost.com>.

31 August 1998
Official unnamed Pakistani sources said that Pakistan found a second unexploded US Tomahawk cruise missile. The missile, one of several targeted at a terrorist camp in Afghanistan on 20 August 1998, was discovered in Hoshab sub-district of Mekran coastal area off the Arabian Sea. The other US cruise missile was found in the Kharan district of Baluchistan province on 21 August 1998.
--“Pakistan Says It Found, Destroyed Second Unexploded US Missile,” Indian Express, 31 August 1998, <http://www.expressindia.com>.

1 September 1998
Christopher Farce, editor of Jane's Defence Weekly, told BBC reporters that having two unexploded US Tomahawk cruise missiles land on Pakistani territory "could well be good news for Pakistan." Farce said that although Pakistan may not have the complete technical ability to reverse-engineer the missile, it could strip down the missile and probably find out some things about the missile. He said that Pakistan has a fairly well established anti-tank and air defense industry and have a good base in anti-tank and surface to air missile, but are just now moving into ballistic missiles. Even if Pakistan can not fully utilize the US cruise missile, it could sell the missile to China. Farce said that Pakistan and China are working closely together and a lot of trading occurs across borders. He said there is an obvious possibility that "the missile or parts could go across to China and that would be a great assistance for the Chinese missile industry..."
--“Pakistan Can Reverse Engineer Cruise Missile Technology: Jane's Defence Weekly,” Pakistan Link, 1 September 1998, <http://www.pakistanlink.com>.

3 September 1998
Pakistan's Foreign Ministry, in protest of India's 2 September 1998 test firing of the Akash surface to air missile (SAM), warned India that such a missile program could "provoke a new arms race in South Asia." Pakistani officials have repeatedly voiced concern over the security implications of India's short and medium ballistic missile programs.
--“Pakistan Protests India Test Of Ground To Air Missile,” Indian Express, 3 September 1998, <http://www.expressindia.com>.

4 September 1998
A senior Pakistan official said that Pakistan has given the two unexploded US Tomahawk cruise missiles to "its scientific organizations which are working on different missile programs, including a cruise missile project." Experts from the Pakistan Army Bomb Disposal Unit have destroyed the warheads, which were attached to the missiles.
US Naval officials are not sure what technical advantage the US missiles can give Pakistan and said Pakistan probably does not possess the technical or manufacturing expertise needed to successfully reverse-engineer the missiles.
According to a Foreign Office spokesman, US authorities have made no attempts to examine the missiles.
-- Umer Farooq, “Pakistan Hands Over US Missiles To Experts,” The Nation (Lahore), 4 September 1998, <http://www.nation.com.pk>.

14 September 1998
According to US officials, intelligence reports indicate that North Korea has delivered "several shipments of weapons material to Pakistan…including warhead canisters for the new Ghauri medium-range missile." Other reports indicate that Pakistan is trying to develop weapons-grade fuel for nuclear weapons from several facilities. One official said that Pakistan is "currently producing more Ghauri missiles." Former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld said in a report to Congress that the Ghauri is a variant of the North Korean No-dong ballistic missile with a range of 800 miles. He said that it was believed Pakistan had acquired production facilities for the missile.

The Rumsfeld report said that "Pakistan currently possesses nuclear-capable M-11 [short-range ballistic missiles] acquired from China, and it may produce its own missile, the Tarmuk." According to US intelligence sources, North Korea's Changgwang Sinyong Corp. obtained maraging steel, an ultra-strong corrosion-resistant alloy, from Russia in 1997. In February 1998, Pakistan's Tabani Corp discussed with Russia the purchases of mass spectrometers, lasers, and carbon fiber. According to Gordon Oehler, former head of the CIA Nonproliferation Center, Pakistan has shifted from buying missile systems to producing its own missiles since 1992. He also said the Clinton administration covered up evidence that showed China had sold M-11 short-range missile to Pakistan to avoid placing sanctions under US export laws.
--Bill Gertz, “Pakistan Gets Help With Missile,” Washington Times, 14 September 1998, p.3.

16 September 1998
Engineers from Pakistan's Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) said that a new launching pad has been developed that will launch the new short-range ballistic missile Shaheen. (Reports have cited that the Shaheen is a medium-range ballistic missile with an estimated range of 800km and is capable of carrying a nuclear warhead). The launch pad is mobile and can be re-used several times. The first test of the Shaheen was scheduled to take place in April 1998 but since the launch pad was inoperable the test wasn't conducted. Now that the launch pad is ready, experts said that a Shaheen missile launch should take place "at any time."
--“New Launch Pad Readied For Shaheen Missile Test,” FBIS-TAC-98-259, 16 September 1998; Nawa-i-Waqt (Rawalpindi), 15 September 1998.

25 September 1998
Japan's Foreign Minister, Masahiko Komura, accused Pakistan of importing ballistic missiles from North Korea. According to Mr. Komura, Japan will continue sanctions against Pakistan until it signs the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT). The Pakistani foreign office has denied that the missile tested in April 1998 was imported and insisted that "the missile was indigenous." Pakistan has declared its intention to sign the CTBT if India agreed to do the same and sanctions on Pakistan's economy were lifted.
-- Alexandra Harney and Farhan Bokhari, “Japan Says Pakistan Imported Test Missile,” Financial Times, 25 September 1998, p.1.

2 October 1998
Japan has urged Pakistan to prepare legislation to control exports of nuclear and missile materials and technology, and sign the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty before Japan lifts current sanctions against Pakistan. However, Pakistan's ambassador to Japan Touqir Hussain, has denied that Pakistan's ballistic missiles were developed with North Korea's assistance.
--“Japan: Tokyo Presses Pakistan For Export Controls On Missiles,” FBIS-EAS-98-275, 2 October 1998; Tokyo Kyodo.

21 October 1998
The Heritage Foundation, a think-tank based in Washington D.C., reported that Pakistan's medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri is actually a renamed version of North Korea's No-dong missile. In addition, the foundation said that Pakistan's estimated 1,200-mile range missile Ghaznavi may be a North Korean Taep'o-dong I missile. Pakistan test-fired the Ghauri missile over land on 6 April 1998. The Heritage Foundation reported that missiles, which are being tested for the first time, are rarely tested over land. Missiles are usually test-fired over water because if a missile malfunctions it will fall into the water rather than strike a populated area. Indian defense analysts said that when Pakistan announced that it had test-fired the Ghauri missile over land they concluded that the launch "involved a missile that had already been tested."
-- Dinesh Kumar,“Ghauri Missile Is Renamed N Korean One: US Study,” Times Of India, 21 October 1998, <http://www.timesofindia.com>.

25 November 1998
Dr. A.Q. Khan, Pakistan's top nuclear scientist, said on 24 November 1998 that Pakistan had started serial production of the Ghauri missile. The Ghauri is a medium range, surface-to-surface missile with a payload capacity of 700kg. Khan was quoted as saying that Pakistan already has "a good stock of these missiles."
--“Pakistan Starts Serial Production of Ghauri,” The Nation (Islamabad), 25 November 1998, <http://www.nation.com.pk/live.htm>.

25 November 1998
Top Pakistani nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan told reporters in late November 1998 that Pakistan had started indigenous serial production of its Ghauri missile. The Ghauri missile is nuclear capable and has a range of 1,500 km, which according to Khan, could be increased to 17,000km [sic - probably means 1,700km] by reducing the payload.

Khan also said that the Kahuta Research Laboratories, of which he is the director, has begun making a "night vision" version of its anti-tank guided missiles. Khan reiterated that signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) would not affect Pakistan's nuclear capability.
-- Anwar Iqbal , “Pakistan Stockpiling Nuclear Missiles,” UPI, 25 November 1998.

2 December 1998
Dr. Samar Mubarakmand, head of the missile program at the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC), announced on 2 December 1998 that Pakistan is awaiting government approval to launch its new 750km-range Shaheen missile. The Shaheen is a solid-fueled missile, which Mubarakmand claims is harder to detect than India's liquid-fueled Prithvi missile. Mubarakmand also called that Shaheen the "most modern" missile in the subcontinent.
--“Pakistan Ready to Test Shaheen Missile,” Proliferation News, 26 November - 2 December 1998; Reuters, 2 December 1998

2 December 1998
Pakistani nuclear scientist Samar Mubarakmand announced on 1 December 1998 that due to security reasons, Pakistan's 28 May 1998 nuclear tests were conducted in Ras Koh, not Chagai. Ros Koh is 100km from Chagai. He said that on 27 May 1998, the Pakistani government received information indicating that "jets were ready at Indian airports to hit Pakistan's nuclear sites." That day, the government placed Pakistan on "red alert." Mubarakmand also said that Pakistan had succeeded in building the Shaheen missile, a nuclear capable missile with a range of 750km.
--“Scientist Says Shaheen Missile Ready for Launch,” Lexis-Nexis, 2 December 1998; Information Access Company, 2 December 1998.

3 December 1998
Pakistani defense scientist Dr. Samar Mubarakmand reported that Pakistan's Shaheen missile is the first missile developed in South Asia that uses solid fuel.
--“Development of the Shaheen Missile,” FBIS-NES-98-338, 4 December 1998; Rawalpindi Jang, 3 December 1998, p.10.

15 December 1998
Top Pakistani nuclear scientist Dr. Abdul Qadeer Khan said that Pakistan's missile program was progressing and that Pakistan would soon test-fire a new missile. Khan also said that Pakistan's missile program was much better than India's program.
--“Qadeer: Pakistan 'Soon' to Test Fire New Missile,” FBIS-TAC-98-349, 15 December 1998; The Nation (Islamabad), 15 December 1998.

17 December 1998
According to the Asian Wall Street Journal, China has been giving technical assistance to Pakistan's M-11 short-range ballistic missile program. However, China is allegedly holding back from selling Pakistan all the machinery for the program. The article says that Pakistan has been using Chinese-supplied blueprints and technology to finish Chinese-designed ballistic missiles, which are nuclear capable and have a range of almost 300km. The Chinese assistance is primarily going to a factory complex in Fatehjung, a northern Pakistani town in Punjab.
China is also allegedly teaching Pakistan how to build its own ballistic missiles. China's main motivation in doing this is to bolster Pakistan's defense against India, China's neighbor and a possible strategic threat to China.
-- Harvey Stockwin, “China Giving Technical Aid to Pakistani Missile Factory: Report,” Times of India, 17 December 1998.

18 December 1998
The United States has urged India and Pakistan on 17 December 1998 to show restraint in further missile development. The Indian government has agreed to halt fissile material production, refused restraint on the development of its research and development capabilities, and disregarded the possibility of any agreement which would place India at a disadvantage.
-- Shaheen Sehbai, “Missile Development, tests: US Asks India and Pakistan for Restraint,” Dawn, 18 December 1998, http://dawn.com/daily/today/top5.htm>.

30 December 1998
Pakistani Chairman of the Kashmir Committee Chaudhry Muhammad Sarwar Khan said on 29 December 1998 that India is trying to "find excuses to continue the arms race" in South Asia that heated up with the May 1998 missile and nuclear tests of India and Pakistan. Sarwar Khan said that it was known that India prepared missiles in the 1980s and conducted a nuclear test in 1994. When Pakistan tested the Ghauri missile in self-defense in mid-1998, India "found another excuse" to test its nuclear devices. While Pakistan has taken steps to ensure security and stability in the region, Sarwar Khan said that India refuses to do the same and in late December 1998 signed a new defense agreement with Russia. He also warned that India is preparing intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs). He said that India's quest to develop and stockpile nuclear weapons and its disregard for a solution on the Kashmir issue would not stop Pakistan from giving moral, political, and diplomatic support to Kashmir.
--“India Out to Find Excuses to Continue Arms Race: Sarwar,” NNI, 30 December 1998, <http://www.nni-news.com/today/page26.htm>.

9 January 1999
Unnamed Pakistani sources claimed that Pakistan will test a new "very modern and destructive" missile before the end of Ramadan, due around 20 January 1999. The new missile, Ghauri-2, is an extended version of Pakistan's original Ghauri missile and will have a range of 1,700km. Sources said that because of this, "an emergency has been declared in the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) and all employees have been recalled from leave."

Top Pakistani nuclear scientist and KRL Director Abdul Qadeer Khan met with Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 8 January 1999 and the "green light for the Ghauri launch" has been given.
--“Report: Pakistan to Test Ghauri II Missile Soon,” FBIS-NES-99-012, 9 January 1999; Ausaf, 9 January 1999, p. 1.

17 January 1999
Unnamed Pakistani sources claim that Pakistan will test fire its Ghauri ballistic missile for a second time soon after the "Eidul Fitr" [the end of the Islamic holy month Ramadan, scheduled for 27 January 1999]. The sources said that the missile would be launched from Tilla Jaugian and would carry multiple warheads. The Ghauri will now have an extended range of 1,500km and be capable of carrying a payload of 1,000kg. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif has allegedly given the go-ahead for the test-launch.
--“Pakistan to Test-Fire Missile After Id al-Fitr Festival,” FBIS-TAC-99-018, 18 January 1999; The Nation (Islamabad), 17 January 1999, p. 1,15.

17 January 1999
Unnamed Pakistani sources claim that Pakistan will test fire its new medium-range surface-to-surface missile, Shaheen, "anytime in the month of February [1999]." According to Pakistani scientists who worked on the development of the Shaheen, the new missile has a sophisticated guidance package, is able to change course several times during its flight to dodge enemy missiles, and has a range of 700km.
--“Pakistan to Test Shaheen Missile in Mid February,” FBIS-NES-99-018, 18 January 1999; Sardar Rashid, Pakistan, 17 January 1999, P. 1,7.

23 January 1999
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced on 22 January 1999 that Pakistan postponed testing the Ghauri, a medium-range ballistic missile. The launch was delayed following reports that India would not test an extended version of its medium-range ballistic missile Agni. India was scheduled to test the Agni on 26 January to coincide with India's Republican Day celebrations.
--“Pakistan Postpones Ballistic Missile Test,” Dawn, 23 January 1999, <http://www.dawn.com/daily/19990123/top7.htm>.

24 January 1999
Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif conducted a meeting on 22 January 1999 that discussed national security and foreign affairs issues. According to unidentified sources, officials at the meeting said that Pakistan's nuclear program was a vital asset, "which ensured lasting peace in the region." In addition, sources reported that another topic of discussion focused on the testing of the Ghauri medium-range ballistic missile. Sources said that the Ghauri might be test-fired before the arrival of US Deputy Secretary of State Strobe Talbott on 1 February.
--“Sharif Holds Meeting, Chances of Ghauri Test by 1 Feb,” FBIS-NES-99-024, 24 January 1999; Nawa-i-Waqt (Rawalpindi).

29 January 1999
The Pakistani Foreign Office declined to comment on 28 January 1999 on reports that Pakistan had canceled plans to test-fire its new extended-range Ghauri ballistic missile. A spokesman for the Foreign Office said that Pakistan was keeping "all options open to take any decision keeping in view security." The new Ghauri missile allegedly has an extended range of 1500km.
--“Pakistan Keeps its Missile Option Open,” Pakistan Link, 29 January 1999, <http://www.pakistanlink.com/headlines/Jan/29/26.html>.

30 January 1999
General Pervez Musharraf, Commander of Pakistan's Army, approved on 30 January 1999 Pakistan's decision to test its medium-range ballistic missile Ghauri. He said that the Ghauri's delivery system needed improvements and that testing would make it more reliable. Pakistan first tested the Ghauri in April 1998, since which time Pakistan has also been trying to develop a reliable delivery system.
--“Pakistan Army Chief Favors Missile Test,” Inquisit, Anwar Iqbal, 30 January 1999, <http://www.inquisit.com/A/A?A=UPI:News-0130.00071&D=27206>.

30 January 1999
Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on 30 January 1999 confirmed for the first time the existence of the Shaheen missile. Sharif, while addressing Army troops, referred to the Ghauri and Shaheen missiles as the "support" that was available to the Army. The Shaheen missile has not been test-fired, however, some analysts agreed that Pakistan planned a test in May 1998.
-- Amit Baruah, “Sharif Confirms Development of Shaheen Missile,” The Hindu, 30 January 1999, <http://www.webpage.com/hindu/daily/990130/03/033300001.htm>.

22 February 1999
During talks in Lahore ending on 21 February 1999, Pakistan Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif and Indian Prime Minister Atal Bihari Vajpayee agreed that Pakistan and India would notify each other of missile tests. Early notification of missile tests is aimed at reducing the risk of sudden nuclear or conventional conflict. The moratorium on nuclear tests was also confirmed at the Lahore talks, and will remain in force unless "some emergency situation endangers the supreme national interests" of either of the states. The prime ministers also agreed to establish a hot line by mid-1999 for mutual consultation to prevent the escalation of military conflict.
--“Pakistan and India Shall Notify Each Other On Missile Tests,” ITAR-TASS, 22 February 1999.

27 March 1999
Pakistani officials claim that the "Shujaat-2" missile craft was launched on 26 March 1999 from Karachi. The missile craft was allegedly built at the Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works (KSEW) with Chinese technical assistance, including necessary design and equipment support.

Chief of the Naval Staff Admiral Fasih Bukhari said that the Shujaat-2 has "great potential for maritime defense and industrial sectors of Pakistan." He also said that the new missile craft's "optimum utilization could usher socio-economic benefits" to Pakistan. KSEW officials said that the launching of the Shujaat-2 "has taken this strategic national industry into the domain of warship construction."
--“Missile Craft Built with Chinese Help,” Dawn, 27 March 1999, <http://www.dawn.com>.

31 March 1999
Pakistan displayed its Ghauri-2 (Hatf-5) and Hatf-3 ballistic missiles and Shaheen-I (Hatf-4) surface-to-surface missile (SSM) at its Republic Day parade on 23 March 1999. Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif said that the Ghauri and Shaheen missile were "necessary to guarantee the country's security."

The Ghauri was originally tested on 6 April 1998 with a range of 1,100km. The Ghauri-2 is reported to have a range of 1,500km and it is speculated that ten Ghauri missiles are probably in service in the 47th Artillery Brigade. It has been noted that Pakistan's Ghauri missile is "similar in size, shape, and performance" to North Korea's Nodong missile and Iran's Shehab-3 missile.

The precise design of Pakistan's Shaheen missile is reportedly unclear, but is speculated to be a solid-fuelled SSM with a maximum range of 750km. Ground tests were allegedly made in 1997 and 1998. The design of the Shaheen missile appears to be similar to China' M-9 (DF-15) missile, but at 320kg, the Pakistani missile has a smaller payload.

The Hatf-3 may be Pakistan's Tarmuk, a solid-fuelled ballistic missile with a range of 750km and a payload of 600kg. The Tarmuk may be based on the Chinese M-9, which has the same payload. Alternatively, Pakistan's Hatf-3 may be an indigenously designed missile, using a two-stage missile similar to the Hatf-2 modified to have a larger first-stage solid-fuelled motor assembly.
-- Umer Farooq and Duncan Lennox, “Pakistan Parades Missiles,” Jane's Defence Weekly, 31 March 1999, p. 15.

3 April 1999
Pakistani press reports said that Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif was briefed by military officials in early April 1999 on "important matters related to defining the responsibilities of the nuclear command and control system." The report referenced unidentified sources as saying that the briefing given to Sharif "revolved around the handing over the control of defense equipment, including nuclear weapons, to the army." The report also said that the briefing covered Pakistan's "development of the latest missile technology and fresh missile tests."
--“Sharif Briefed on Nuclear Controls, 'Fresh Missile Tests',” FBIS Document FTS19990403000216, 3 April 1999; Pakistan (Islamabad), 3 April 1999, pp. 7,8.

13 April 1999
On 11 April 1999, Pakistani Foreign Minister Sartaj Aziz said the Defense Committee of the Cabinet (DCC) would meet on 13 April or 14 April 1999 to discuss Pakistan's response to India's 11 April 1999 test firing of its Agni-2 intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM). The Agni-2 has a range of 2,000km. Aziz said that the DCC would consider all aspects before test-firing one or two of the Shaheen-1, Shaheen-2 or Ghauri-2 missiles.
--“ Pakistan Completes Preparations For Missile Test,” Pakistan Institute for Air Defence Studies, PIADS Pakistan Defense News Bulletin, April 1999, <http://www.geocities.com/Pentagon/Quarters/1226/news99apr.html>.

14 April 1999
Western media sources dispute Pakistan's 14 May 1999 official statement that the Ghauri missile was part of Pakistan's indigenous missile program. The reports said that Pakistan had received missile technology from China and North Korea and that the Ghauri missile was a renamed version of the North Korean Nodong missile.

Within two weeks of the first test firing of the Ghauri missile on 6 April 1998, the United States placed a two year ban on Kahuta Research Laboratories in Pakistan and the North Korea Mining Development Trading Corporation and its subunits under the MCTR for transferring nuclear and missile technologies. A second version of the Ghauri with an extended range, the Ghauri-2, was test launched on 14 April 1999.

According to former US Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld's report, Pakistan acquired the Chinese M-11 short-range ballistic missile (SRBM), which has a range of 300km and a payload of 500kg, and may produce its own missile, the Tarmuk, based on the M-11. The M-11 is believed to be the first of the Hatf series which Pakistan test fired in 1997 in response to India's Prithvi missile tests. India's Prithvi missiles have a range of 150-250km.
--“Media Dispute Ghauri As Indigenous,” Indian Express, 14 April 1999, <http://www.indian-express.com>.

15 April 1999
On 15 April 1999 at 0458 GMT, Pakistan tested its Shaheen-1 surface-to-surface missile. The Shaheen-1 has a range of 750km and can carry a nuclear or conventional payload of 1,000kg. The test-launch was conducted at the Sonmiani naval base. Unnamed official Pakistani sources said that a second, more advanced Shaheen missile, with a range of 2,300km, was "ready and waiting to be tested." The test-flight of the Shaheen-1 lasted six minutes. The Pakistan Foreign Ministry issued a statement after the test, indicating that the Shaheen-1 missile test concluded the series of "flight tests, involving solid and liquid rocket motor technologies."
--“Pakistan Conducts Second Nuclear Capable Missile Test,” CNN, 15 April 1999, <http://cnn.com>; "Pakistan Conducts 2nd Missile Test," New York Times, 15 April 1999.

15 April 1999
Pakistan's successful 14 April 1999 test of its nuclear-capable Ghauri-2 ballistic missile reportedly puts Israel into striking range for the first time. According to experts, however, Pakistan would have to construct a launch site near Chaghi, Pakistan in order to bring all of Israel within the missile's range.
--“Israel Within Ghauri-II Range,” FBIS Document FTS19990415000041, 15 April 1999; Pakistan (Islamabad), 15 April 1999, p.1.

21 April 1999
According to Indian government officials, Pakistan's missile program appeared to be based on procurement rather than research. Indian sources pointed out that Pakistan had no demonstrated expertise in rocket sciences and tested two missiles with varying technologies. Indian officials said that Pakistan's Ghauri-2 and Shaheen-1, tested on 14 April 1999, were similar to their Chinese and North Korean counterparts, the Chinese M-9 and the North Korean Nodong missiles respectively. Indian officials also cited the 'emergency visit' of Samar Mubarakmand, head of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission, to China in mid-April 1999 and economic sanctions placed on two North Korean companies by the United States for 'missile technology proliferation activities' as supporting evidence that Pakistan's nuclear program was not indigenous.
-- Manvendra Singh, “Pakistan's Missiles May Not Be Pakistani,” Indian Express, 21 April 1999, <http://www.expressindia.com/ie/daily/199990421/ige21011.html>.

27 April 1999
According to Pakistani officials, Pakistan has decided to expand its nuclear program. Work on the Shaheen-2 ballistic missile, to be tested in early 2000, and Ghauri ballistic missile tests were intensified. Nuclear technology was allocated the largest amount of funding in the next budget after a defense spending increase. An incentive package for scientists was prepared and a separate budget was fixed for the latest scientific research. The Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) and other associated departments presented their proposals to Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. Sharif approved the proposal to expand the nuclear program.
--“ Pakistan To Continue Nuclear Expansion,” FBIS Document FTS19990427000486, 27 April 1999; Sikander Lodhi, Nawa-i-Waqt (Rawalpindi), 27 April 1999, pp.1,6.

30 April 1999
Renowned scientist and member of the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC) Dr. Samar Mubarakmand said that the Shaheen-I surface-to-surface (SSM) missile "can be launched in a short notice of fifteen minutes." Pakistan tested the Shaheen-I in mid-April, in which Mubarakmand said that the missile achieved 100% accuracy.
--“Shaheen Missile Can be Launched in 15 Minutes,” FBIS Document FTS19990430000736, 30 April 1999; The Nation (Lahore, internet version), 30 April 1999.

1 May 1999
Pakistan's Ghauri-2 surface-to-surface missile (SSM) and the Shaheen-1/Hatf-4 SSM, which were tested on 14 April and 15 April 1999 respectively, may be based on North Korean and Chinese missile designs. According to Indian defense analysts, the Ghauri-2 may be based on North Korean designs and the guidance system may have been acquired from China. The Shaheen-1/Hatf-4 was probably based on the Chinese M-9 missile, which has a range of 800km. Analysts suggested that since the Shaheen-1/Hatf-4 was in serial production in mid-1998, it must have been based on a proven design. The Shaheen-1/Hatf-4 may have incorporated technology from the 600-800km range Hatf-3 SSM, which was tested in July 1997.

Analysts said the Shaheen-I/Hatf-IV production facility was probably the same facility near Rawalpindi identified by US intelligence in August 1996. The facility was believed to be for the indigenous production of China's M-11 missile. The facility was built with blueprints and equipment provided by China.
-- Ben Sheppard, “Pakistan Tests 'Chinese/North Korean-based Missiles',” Jane's Intelligence Review, May 1999, p.3.

4 May 1999
After reports that India was preparing to launch another ballistic missile, the Agni-3, retired Pakistani Lt.-General Majid Malik said that "Pakistan would give a befitting response to India's Agni-3 test." He said that if India did not stop the arms race, "it would make South Asia more insecure."
--“ Minister Says Pakistan Will Respond to Agni-III,” FBIS Document FBIS-FTS19990504001067, 4 May 1999; Khabrian (Islamabad), 4 May 1999, pp. 3,6.

14 May 1999
Indian news reporting credits an unnamed defense magazine with the accusation that Pakistan had developed 10 Ghauri intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBM), suspected to be of Chinese design and origin. The Ghauri missile, tested for the second time in April 1999, has a range of 1,500km to 1,9000km and a payload of 700kg. Although Chinese and Pakistani officials deny the claims, the presence of 24 Chinese M-11 IRBMs in Pakistan has been rumored since 1995.

Pakistan currently deploys the Hatf-I ballistic missile, with a range up to 200km, and the Hatf-2 ballistic missile, with a range up to 300km. Pakistan is also completing development of the 800km range Hatf-3 (Shaheen-I), which is assumed by the unnamed source to be a local copy of the Chinese M-9 missile.
--“Pakistan has Chinese Missiles,” Indian Express, 14 May 1999, <http://www.expressindia.com>.

25 June 1999
An unnamed top Pakistani government official said on 24 June 1999 that Pakistani scientists were "feverishly working" on advanced versions of the Ghauri and Shaheen ballistic missiles. He said scientists at the Kahuta Research Laboratories (KRL) [now AQ Khan Research Laboratories) were working on the Ghauri-3 ballistic missile, which would have a range of between 2,700km and 3,500km. The Ghauri-3 project, supervised by nuclear scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan, will put the entire territory of India within Pakistan's range. The official said the KRL had successfully tested the missile engine for the Ghauri-3 on 24 June 1999. The Shaheen-2 ballistic missile project, supervised by scientist Samar Mubarakmand of the National Development Complex, is "more than 80 percent" complete. The official said the range of the solid- fuel Shaheen-2 ballistic missile would be greater than India's Agni-2 missile and could be fired by a mobile launcher.
--“Work on advanced versions of Ghauri, Shaheen in full swing,” Frontier Post, 25 June 1999, <http://frontierpost.com.pk/june99/june-25.html>; "Pakistan successfully tests Ghauri-III missile," Ausaf, 24 June 1999, pp.1,5, in Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 25 June 1999, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>.

29 June 1999
Pakistan's scientific community is "unanimous in its belief" that the Pakistani Missile Development Programme (PMDP) is superior to the Indian Missile Development Programme (IMDP) [Note: India's official name for its missile program is the Integrated Guided Missile Development Program (IGMDP)]. The scientists cited India's Agni-2 launch that landed 200km short of its target in the Bay of Bengal. The scientists said that Pakistan's Ghauri-1, Ghauri-2, and Shaheen-1 missiles were tested successfully with "cent per cent [sic] accuracy." One scientist said, "Indians conducted around 16 tests of Prithvi, though the end result was that it still has a big circular error probability [CEP]."
--“Pak Scientists Say Missile Technology Superior to India's,” FBIS Document FTS19990629000857, 29 June 1999; The News (Islamabad), 29 June 1999.

10 August 1999
Speaking on Voice of America (VoA), Pakistani Foreign Minister Sartaj Aziz said that Pakistan was monitoring India's missile development program closely and is prepared to respond to new developments. He said that Pakistan has its own, "deterrence program" and wants missile deterrence like that of its nuclear deterrence. He said that Pakistan had proposed a strategic restraint regime to India to prevent misunderstandings between the two countries. On the question of signing the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT), Aziz said that Pakistan was prepared to sign the CTBT in a, "pressure and sanction-free environment."
--“Pakistan to respond to Indian missile plan: FM.” Dawn, 10 August 1999, <http://www.dawn.com>.

27 August 1999
In late August 1999, Pakistani scientist Samar Mubarakmand said that Pakistan's missiles "are not on par but better than India's." He said that there is a "marked difference" between India's and Pakistan's missiles and that Pakistan has overtaken India in missile-making. Mubarakmand asserted, "Pakistan's defense is impregnable and the enemy [India] will now think a hundred times before attacking Pakistan." Mubarakmand said that Pakistan designed its first nuclear bomb in 1983, and between 1983 and 1995 made six different designs "in pursuit of the best." All of the designs were cold-tested. The sixth test at Kharan was "very important for Pakistan because it was the latest design of all of Pakistan's bombs.... The bomb was so powerful that it created a huge hill at a distance of a few hundred paces." He said that of the 1,500 nuclear tests carried out the world over, Pakistan's tests at Chaghi on 28 May 1998 were "the best and most beautiful."
--“Scientist Boasts Pakistan’s Missiles Better Than India’s,” FBIS Document FTS19990827000277, 27 August 1999; Khabrain (Islamabad), 27 August 1999, pp.3,10.

27 August 1999
Addressing a conference on 26 August 1999, Pakistani scientist Abdul Qadeer Khan said: "It will take just five minutes for Ghauri [Ghauri intermediate- range ballistic missile (IRBM)] to reach New Delhi from Islamabad and also the same time for it to reach Bombay from Karachi." He said that it was fear of the Ghauri that "prevented India from opening other war fronts against Pakistan during the Kargil crisis."
Khan said that development of the Ghauri at A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories in Kahuta was "no less than a miracle." He said that A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories had been working to develop a "delivery system that could give a befitting response to the enemy within five to 10 minutes." Khan said that Pakistan was a peace-loving country, but that "weakness always invites aggression and nuclear capability is vital for us to deter aggression."
--“Indian cities five minutes away from Ghauri strikes: Dr Qadeer,” The News (Islamabad), 27 August 1999, <http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/aug99-daily/27-08-99/main/main5.htm>; "Indian cities five minutes away from Ghauri strikes: Dr Qadeer," Pakistan News Service, 27 August 1999, <http://www.paknews.org>; "Indian cities five minutes away from Ghauri strikes: Dr Qadeer," Frontier Post (Islamabad), 27 August 1999, <http://frontierpost.com.pk/top2.html>.

30 August 1999
In late August 1999, Pakistani defense officials said that Pakistan was preparing to test the Unza-3 surface-to-air missile (SAM). The Unza-3 will have an active 7km range, extendable up to 9km. The Unza-1 and Unza-2 SAMs have ranges of 4.5km and 5km, respectively. The defense official said, "We have deployed the existing Unza range [Unza-1 and Unza-2] along the border with India to avert another Badin-like incident. The deployment decision was made after a Pakistani aircraft maritime patrol was shot down [10 August 1999, near Badin in the Rann of Kutch]." The defense official said that the Unza-3 test would be conducted some time in September 1999 and that A.Q. Khan Research Laboratories in Kahuta is making arrangements for the test.
--“All set for Unza-III test,” Frontier Post, 30 August 1999, <http://frontierpost.com.pk/top1.html>; "Pak develops advanced version of Unza missile," Hindustan Times, 31 August 1999, <http://www.hindustantimes.com/nonfram/310899/detFOR09.htm>.

3 September 1999
On 2 September 1999, the Pakistan Air Force (PAF) had its, "roll-out ceremony" for its Crotale 4000 surface-to-air missile with a range of 30km. The Crotale 4000 is an upgraded version of the 20km-range Crotale 2000. A senior official said that Pakistan upgraded the missiles indigenously for less than half what they would have paid a French contractor.
-- Shakil Shaikh, “PAF upgrades Crotale missiles indigenously,” The News (Islamabad), 3 September 1999, <http://www.jang.com.pk/thenews/index.htm>.

27 September 1999
Pakistan's scientists have created a powerful engine for the Ghauri-3 missile that has a range of 3,000km [this is likely a calculation based upon the engine test, as there are no indications the Ghauri-3 has had a test flight--ed.]. The article reported that the Ghauri-3 will be tested on 29 September 1999. The article also stated that the new missile was created indigenously, and has been tested successfully before with a range of 2,700 km.
--“Pakistan reportedly about to test Ghauri-III missile,” Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 27 September 1999, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/univers>; Ausaf, (Islamabad), 27 September 1999, pp.1, 7.

28 September 1999
During a visit to Sargodha in late September 1999, Pakistani nuclear scientist Samar Mubarakmand said that Pakistan has evidence that India would have attacked it if it had not tested nuclear weapons on 28 May 1998. Mubarakmand said that India had plans to attack Pakistan's nuclear installations on 27 May 1999 and Indian aircraft were ready at the airport. He said the Shaheen-2 ballistic missile is ready and will be tested before the end of this century.
--“Pakistan to test Shaheen-II missile before end of 1999,” Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe, 28 September 1999, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/universe>; Al-Akhbar (Islamabad), 27 September 1999, pp.1,7.

15 December 1999
In a statement to parliament on 15 December 1999, Indian Foreign Minister Jaswant Singh said that China and North Korea were helping Pakistan with its missile program. According to Singh, North Korea is helping with missile technology, missile components, and liquid fuel, and that Pakistan's Ghauri missile is a copy of North Korea's No-dong ballistic missile. Singh also stated that China supplied Pakistan with M-11 missiles in addition to components and technology related to M-11 production.
--“PRC, DPRK Missile Sales to Pakistan,” NapsNet Daily Report, 15 December 1999, <http://www.nautilus.org>; "Pakistan Getting Missile Technology from China, North Korea: Minister," AFP, 15 December 1999.

	Updated April 2008