This annotated chronology is based on the data sources that follow each entry. Public sources often provide conflicting information on classified military programs. In some cases we are unable to resolve these discrepancies, in others we have deliberately refrained from doing so to highlight the potential influence of false or misleading information as it appeared over time. In many cases, we are unable to independently verify claims. Hence in reviewing this chronology, readers should take into account the credibility of the sources employed here.

Inclusion in this chronology does not necessarily indicate that a particular development is of direct or indirect proliferation significance. Some entries provide international or domestic context for technological development and national policymaking. Moreover, some entries may refer to developments with positive consequences for nonproliferation.

1 January 1996
The Yŏnggwang-4 nuclear reactor begins commercial operation with a generating capacity of 1,000MWe.
—Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power (KHNP), "Han'guk Suryŏg'wŏnjaryŏk (Chu) Yŏnggwang'wŏnjaryŏk Ponbu," <http://www.khnp.co.kr/youngkwg
/company/company02.html>; Wŏnjaryŏk Anjŏnbaeksŏ (Seoul: Ministry of Science and Technology, 2001), p. 376.

13 January 1996
A South Korean official announces that Pyongyang will allow seven members of the third Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) survey team to remain in North Korea for an additional 38 days. The team was unable to complete the necessary geological survey work, including measuring the depth of the sea off the coast of Shinp'o, within the scheduled time. The third KEDO survey team arrived in North Korea on 16 December, but instead of departing on 16 January as scheduled, the seven members who were granted extensions will remain in Shinp'o until 23 February and work with the fourth survey team, which is scheduled to arrive on 16 January.
—Chosun Ilbo, 14 January 1996, p. 2, in "Extended Stay Granted to Energy Body's Third Survey Team," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 16 January 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 January-23 February 1996
The fourth Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) survey team travels to Shinp'o, North Korea. The 20-member team, consisting of 17 South Koreans, two Americans and one Japanese, conducts various geological tests at the proposed site for two light water reactors. During the month long mission, the team tests the quality of the earth using seismological and drilling equipment.
—"US-Led Nuclear Survey Team Arrives in North Korea," Agence France Presse, 16 January 1996, in Lexis-Nexi , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 14 January 1996, in "Energy Body Dispatches Fourth Site Survey Team to North," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 15 January 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Survey Team Leaves DPRK," Xinhua News Agency, 24 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

23 January 1996
A spokesman for the Daewoo Corporation announces it has signed an agreement with Cogema to cooperate in manufacturing nuclear fuel and to develop a uranium mine. Under the agreement, the two companies will engage in joint projects in Southeast Asia and China and set a sales goal of $500 million by 2000. [Note: The Daewoo Group wenr bankrupt in 1999].
—"Daewoo to Manufacture Nuke Fuel," Korea Times, 24 January 1996, p.8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

31 January 1996
Yŏnggwang-kun, South Chŏlla Province rescinds permission for the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to build two more nuclear power reactors in the region. KEPCO built four reactors in Yŏnggwang-kun and planned to build two more 1000 MW(e) reactors by 2002. The local kun (county) government permitted the construction of the reactors on January 22, but revoked the permit after protests from residents and environmental activists.
— Zeno Park, "South Korea's Nuclear Project Hit by Democracy-Fanned Regional Nimbies," Agence France Press, 2 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "International News," Associated Press Worldstream, 31 January 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Han Ki Hŭng, "'Yŏnggwang'wŏnjŏn Ch'wiso' Shimsa/Kamsawŏn," Donga Ilbo, 24 May 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

February 1996
The US and South Korea conduct 10-day combined naval exercises off South Korea's east coast and a combined bombing exercise north of Seoul. Pyongyang claims that the military exercises are preparations for war and condemns the bombing tests as target practice for dropping nuclear bombs on North Korea. While the United States and South Korea have refrained from holding the highly contentious Team Spirit exercise since the signing of the Agreed Framework, North Korea has warned that any US-South Korean joint military exercises threaten the success of the agreement.
—"U.S., South Korea to Conduct Joint Maneuvers amid Tension," Associated Press, 9 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korean Central Broadcasting Station (Pyongyang), 23 February 1996, in "Commentator Justifies New Peace Mechanism Proposal," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 26 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 February 1996
The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) pre-approves the construction site for Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. The decision allows the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to break ground for construction at the site prior to obtaining official approval.
—"Ministry 'Pre Approves' Site for Yonggwang Nuclear Reactors," Korea Times, 11 February 1996, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Yŏnggwang'wŏnjŏnbuji Sŭng'in/Kwa'gich'ŏ," Hankook Ilbo, 11 February 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

14 February 1996
The South Korean Ministry of National Defense announces that the combined US-South Korean military exercise Team Spirit will be cancelled for the third year in a row. According to a Ministry spokesman, "The decision has been made to create a more positive atmosphere for the security situation on the Korean Peninsula and as a confidence-building measure for North Korea's implementation of the Geneva nuclear agreement." However, the Ministry claims that the exercise will resume in 1997 if North Korea does not adhere to the Agreed Framework or threatens military aggression against South Korea.
—"Joint U.S.-South Korean Military Exercises Cancelled," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 14 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "South Korea, U.S. Not to Hold Joint Maneuver," Xinhua News Agency, 14 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S. Korea, U.S. Will Not Hold Joint Exercises This Year," Japan Economic Newswire, 14 February 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 March 1996
According to the Japanese newspaper Asahi Shimbun, the European Union (EU) requests membership on the KEDO executive board as a condition for its recent decision to pledge funds. The Asahi Shimbun says if the EU is granted membership, South Korea's influence over KEDO's decision making process will be weakened.
—Hangyore Sinmun, 3 March 1996, in "Daily on EU Membership on Nuclear Body in Exchange for Funds," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 March 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Park Chong Mun, "EU, KEDO Isaguk Yogu/ Chagŭmjiwŏn Taekka Kim Tae't'ongnyŏng'e T'ajin," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 3 March 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

5 March 1996
British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) and South Korea's Hanjung sign a cooperative agreement whereby BNFL will supply South Korea with the technology to manufacture spent fuel storage canisters. BNFL will provide the design, licensing, quality control, and implementation of safety controls, while Hanjung will be responsible for manufacturing as BNFL's sub-contractor.
—Pearl Marshall, "BNFL Hopes to Crack Market for Interim Storage in South Korea," Nuclear Fuel, 8 April 1996, p. 13, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "British N-Fuel Firm Signs Partnership Accord with Hanjung," Korea Times, 7 March 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

19 March 1996
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization executive board officially names the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) as the prime contractor for the light water reactor project. At the meeting held in Seoul, delegates from South Korea, the United States and Japan also discuss funding for the heavy oil shipments and the admission of the European Union to the executive board.
—Yonhap News Agency, 19 March 1996, in "Korean Energy Organization to Commission Company to Build Nuclear Reactor," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 19 March 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

20 March 1996
Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization Executive Director Stephen Bosworth and Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) President Lee Chŏng Hun sign the agreement commissioning KEPCO as the prime contractor for the light water reactor project.
—Yonhap News Agency, 21 March 1996, in "KEDO Commissions South Korean Corporation as Prime Reactor Contractor," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 21 March 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Cho Chae Yong, "Hanjŏn Chugyeyakcha Shijŏng/KEDO Isahoe/Ch'ongjangdan 26 Il Pangbuk," Hankook Ilbo, 20 March 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

26-30 March 1996
A Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization delegation, headed by Executive Director Stephen Bosworth, meets with North Korean officials in Shinp'o to inspect the proposed construction site and discuss details of the light water reactor project. The two sides agree to hold further consultations in New York and Mt. Myohyang to conclude necessary follow-up protocols for implementing the reactor supply agreement.
—"Delegation in North Korea Discussion Building of Nuclear Plant," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 26 March 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Nuclear Consortium Leaders Visit North Korea," Agence France Presse, 26 March 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO, N. Korea to Hold Talks in New York on April 8," Japan Economic Newswire, 3 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis , <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

April 1996
Representatives from the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and North Korea begin negotiations in New York to resolve issues relating to the light water reactor supply agreement. The two sides discuss issues such as the protection of foreign engineers working on the project (8 April-22 May) and the transportation of reactor components (16 April-14 June). The talks in New York and later talks to be held near Mt. Myohyang in North Korea are aimed at concluding protocols necessary for implementing the reactor supply agreement.
—"Working-Level Talks Under Way on KEDO Reactor Project," Japan Economic Newswire, 9 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Catherine Toups, "U.S. Group Starts Negotiations with North Korea on Reactors," Washington Times, 9 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pyongyang, KEDO Begin Transport Discussions," Agence France Presse, 16 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 April 1996
US President Bill Clinton and South Korean President Kim Young Sam propose four-party talks to replace the current armistice agreement with a peace treaty officially ending the Korean War. The proposed talks would include North and South Korea, the United States and China. North Korean ambassador to Moscow Song Sung Pil dismisses the proposal, saying, "At present other countries have no role to play in this area...There is no need for an international conference on this question." However, on 18 April, the North Korean Foreign Ministry announces that it is "examining the proposal of the US side to see whether it seeks another purpose and whether it is feasible."
—Alison Mitchell, "Clinton Visits Korea and New Peace Talks Are Proposed," New York Times, 16 April 1996, p. A8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Richard Lloyd Parry, "North Korea Insists It Will Only Talk to The US; Korean Conundrum; North Rejects Four-Party Conference Aimed at Bringing 'Permanent Peace' to Peninsula," The Independent (London), 17 April 1996, p. 8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kate Webb, "North Korea Breaks Its Silence, Says It Is Studying Peace Proposal," Agence France Presse, 18 April 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

28 April-6 May 1996
A 13-member Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization team travels to Shinp'o to conduct an infrastructure design assessment for the proposed light water reactor site. Upon returning to Seoul, one of the team members says that due to the lack of a stable power supply, generators may have to be shipped to the construction site.
—Yonhap News Agency, 7 May 1996, in "North Korea: Reactor Body Development Team Says Shinp'o Infrastructure Inadequate," Reuter Insurance Briefing, 8 May 1996, in IAEA Daily Press Review, 9 May 1996; "Nuclear Site Survey Team Says North Korean Preparations on Track," Agence France Presse, 7 May 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

6 May 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute announces that it will conduct research on technology to deal with nuclear waste by using TRIGA Mark II and TRIGA Mark III research reactors that were shut down in 1995.
—Sŏn Yŏn Kyu, "Wŏnjaro 'P'yerogisul' Yŏn'guch'aksu/Wŏnyŏn, T'ŭrigamak'ŭ 2 Hogi Taesang," Hankook Ilbo, 7 May 1996, p. 21, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

17 May 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute announces that it has developed a new nuclear safety system called "Sonata 4," which prevents melted reactor cores from leaking.
—Sŏn Yŏn Kyu, "Noshim Nongnŭn Sago Pangjijangch'i Kaebal/Wŏnyŏn Sŏgyunyŏl Paksa't'im," Hankook Ilbo, 18 May 1996, p. 26, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr >.

28 May 1996
The South Korean government announces plans to increase spending on nuclear energy research by 21% each year until the year 2010. According to the plan, the share of nuclear energy in domestic electricity production will increase from a current level of 30 percent to 40 percent. The number of South Korean nuclear power plants will increase from 11 to 23 by 2007, and to 28 by 2010. The plan consists of developing methods to reduce nuclear waste and build a nuclear waste facility. In addition, the South Korean government plans to explore ways to use thorium instead of uranium for nuclear reactor fuel.
—"Government Increases Spending for Nuclear Research," Chosun Ilbo, 27 May 1996, <http://english.chosun.com>; Mo T'ae Chun, "Wŏnjaryŏk Yŏn'gubi Yŏn 21% Ssik Chŭng'aek/Aekch'egŭmsong'no Kŏnsŏlto Ch'ujin," Chosun Ilbo, 28 May 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; An Chong Chu, "Segye 3 Wi Wŏnjŏnguk Mandŭnda/ Wŏnjaryŏkjonghapgyehoeg'an," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 28 May 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; An Chong Chu, "Nollan K'un Wŏnjaryŏkkangguk 'K'ŭnkkum'/Chinhŭngjonghapkyehoeg'an Chŏmgŏm," ," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 28 May 1996, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

31 May 1996
Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) Executive Director Stephen Bosworth announces that site preparation work in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o will begin by the end of the year. According to Bosworth, the proposed location for the reactors "fully meets international standards [of safety]." However, due to disputes over the type of reactor to be supplied, the target completion date of 2003 for the first reactor will be delayed at least one year. [Note: North Korea later establishes Kŭmho-chigu as a special district in the area of Shinp'o for the reactor project].
—Debra Lau, "North Korea Reactor Work to Start This Year," The Daily Yomiuri, 2 June 1996, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 June 1996
North Korea and the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) initial two more protocols related to the light water reactor supply agreement. One protocol calls for the establishment of two transportation routes, one by sea and one by air, to facilitate the transfer of reactor materials. The other protocol establishes rules for the use of satellite communications by KEDO personnel while they are in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o. Talks on these protocols began in New York on 16 April.
—"N. Korea, KEDO Ink 2 More Protocols on Reactor Project," Japan Economic Newswire, 15 June 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Pyongyang, US-Led Consortium Agree on KEDO Protocols," Agence France Presse, 14 June 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "DPRK, KEDO Sign Transportation, Communication Protocols," Xinhua News Agency, 17 June 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 June 1996
South Korean Ministry of Trade and Industry issues "a Guide for Environmental Assessments around Nuclear Power Plants" that requests all nuclear power plants to report regular base environmental assessments of the region to the government.
—Hŏ Sŭng Ho, "Wŏnjŏn Chubyŏn Hwan'gyŏngjosa/Hanjŏn, Chŏngi Shilshishi'k'iro," Donga Ilbo, 25 June 1996, p. 9, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

25 June 1996
The South Korean government decides to transfer all atomic energy-related affairs from the Ministry of Science and Technology to the Ministry of Trade and Industry. At the 245th Atomic Energy Commission meeting, the government passes a resolution that the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) and the Korea Power Engineering Company (KOPEC) take over radioactive waste operations and the design work for nuclear reactors and nuclear power plant fuel, respectively. These tasks had previously been under the control of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The government also decides to establish the "Atomic Energy Research and Development Fund." Under the government's plan, KEPCO is expected to donate 1.2 won per 1KW of energy generated each year over the previous year's total to this newly established fund.
—Kim Yŏn Kwang, "Wŏnjaryŏksaŏp T'ongsanbu Igwan/Chŏngbu, Kwanhalgwon Ilwonhwa," Chosun Ilbo, 26 June 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Sŏng Ha Un, "'Wŏnjaryŏksaŏp' T'ongsanbu Igwan/'Yŏn'gugaebalgigŭm' 1 Cho 2 Ch'ŏnŏk Chosŏng," Donga Ilbo, 26 June 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

July 1996
The Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung) loses a contract to supply pressure vessels for Phase I of China's Qinshan nuclear power plant due to a lack of government financial credits. The contract was originally awarded in 1995 and the new contract is given to Japan's Mitsubishi Heavy Industries.
—"Late News," Nuclear News, July 1996, p. 15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Judith Perera, "South Korea: China Buys Korean Nuclear Equipment," Interpress Service, 13 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

July 1996
The South Korean Board of Audit and Inspection clears the construction of Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. The South Korean government declared the attempt by Yŏnggwang-kun officials in January 1996 to block the construction as illegal.
—"South Korea," Nucleonics Week, 11 July 1996, p. 15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

July 1996
An international joint research and development project begins to develop cold crucible vitrification methods for Korean low and intermediate level waste. The project plans to use a pilot cold crucible melter and a multi-step program. [Note: According to the Taehan Maeil, the contract for the international R&D project was signed on 22 May 1997 and participants include the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), SGN and the Korea Fiber Group. KEPCO cites the participants as SGN of France, Hyundai Precision & Industry, and Kumho Engineering. Nuclear Engineering International does not specify the participants but says the program started in July 1996 "with the support of SGN and Mobis."].
—Yi Tong Ju, Taehan Maeil, 24 May 1997, p. 12, in "Joint Development with France of Nuclear Waste," FBIS Document ID: FTS19970730001545; "KEPCO Began Performance Test on Vitrification Pilot Plant for Low-and Intermediate-Level Radioactive Waste (LILW)," Biannual Review First Half, 1999, Korea Electric Power Corporation, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f4/
html/f4_01_02.html>; Song Myung Jae, "Radwaste Management; The Vitrified Solution," Nuclear Engineering International, 28 February 2003, p. 22, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4-6 July 1996
The 6th Korea-Australia Nuclear Policy Consultations meeting is held in Seoul. During the meeting, South Korea and Australia agree to cooperative studies on remote surveillance monitoring.
—"Australia and Korea Collaborates on Remote Monitoring," TCNC Newsletter, July/August 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

5 July 1996South Korea's Board of Audit and Inspection declares that the local government of Yŏnggwang-kun, South Chŏlla Province cannot reject the construction license for the Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors.
—Chŏng Yong Kwan, "Yŏnggwanggun 'Wŏnjŏn Ch'wiso' Kyŏlchŏng Chalmot/Kamsawŏn 'Kŏnch'ukhŏga Ch'wiso Mothanda'," Donga Ilbo, 6 July 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

9 July 1996
South Korea remits $6 million to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) for pre-project service costs. South Korea's donation completes the estimated $9 million required by KEDO for this purpose; in 1995, Japan donated $3 million.
—"S. Korea Sends Money for Light-Water Reactor in DPRK," Xinhua News Agency, 9 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Lee Tae Kŭn, "KEDO Saŏb'yong'yŏkpi/ Chŏngbu, 6 Paengmanbul Songgŭm," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 10 July 1996, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

6-29 July 1996
The sixth Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) inspection team travels to North Korea to inspect the proposed light water reactor construction site in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o.
—"6th KEDO Inspection Team to Visit N. Korea Sat.," Japan Economic Newswire, 6 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; KBS Radio (Seoul), 30 July 1996, in "South's Rector Delegation, Energy Organization Team Leave North Korea," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 July 1996
North Korea and the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) officially sign three protocols related to the light water reactor supply agreement. The protocols, which were initialed on 22 May and 14 June, provide diplomatic protection for KEDO and KEPCO personnel, regulate satellite communications, and designate two transportation routes for reactor materials. [Note: Talks on the protocols were held in New York from April to June.]
—"Protocol between the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Communications for the Implementation of a Light-Water Reactor Project," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org>; "Protocol between the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on Transportation for the Implementation of a Light-Water Reactor Project," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org>; "Protocol between the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization and the Government of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea on the Juridical Status of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization in the Democratic People's Republic of Korea," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org>; "Protocols Signed on North Korean Nuclear Agreement," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 11 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "DPRK, KEDO Sign Nuclear Protocols," Xinhua News Agency, 11 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 12 July 1996, in "North Korea, Korean Energy Body Sign Protocols on Reactor Supply Agreement," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 13 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 July 1996
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), primary contractor for the light water reactor project in North Korea, submits a cost estimate to the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). KEPCO estimates that the construction will cost at least $5 billion, but KEDO officials say the figure is subject to further negotiations.
—"Contractor Gives Cost Estimate on N. Korean Reactors," Japan Economic Newswire, 17 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Japan Ponders Loan for North Korean Nuclear Reactors," Nikkei Weekly, 29 June 1996, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 July 1996
The Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung) announces it has won an international bid in cooperation with Atomic Energy Canada, Limited (AECL) to provide steam generators, pressurizers and heat exchangers for Phase III of China's Qinshan nuclear power plant. The contract is worth approximately $150 million and Hanjung is expected to deliver all the components to China by 2000.
—Yonhap News Agency, 17 July 1996, in "Nuclear; South Korean Firm to Supply Nuclear Power Plant Parts," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 18 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Mo T'ae Chun, "Chŭnggibalsaenggi Tŭng Chusŏlbi Hanjung, Chungguk Wŏnjŏn'e Such'ul," Chosun Ilbo, 18 July 1996, p. 10, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Park Chong Sŏng, "Hanjung, Chungguk Wŏnjŏnsŏlbi 2 Ki Such'ul/ 1 Ŏk 5 Ch'ŏnmandallŏ," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 18 July 1996, p. 8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 July 1996
South Korea's National Unification Board announces its approval of a plan for the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to be the prime contractor for the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO). According to the plan, KEPCO will construct two 1,000 MW(e) light water reactors in North Korea and the scale and cost of the project will be determined after negotiations between KEPCO and KEDO are concluded.
—"South Korea Approves Nuclear Power Plant Plan for DPRK," Xinhua News Agency, 20 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Cho Min Ho, "Hanjŏn'e Nambukkyŏnghyŏpsaŏpcha Sŭng'in/ T'ong'ilwŏn," Segye Ilbo, 21 July 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20-29 July 1996
Representatives from the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and North Korea meet near Mt. Myohyang, north of Pyongyang, to discuss additional follow-up protocols to the light water reactor supply agreement. The protocols under discussion will cover the management of the construction site in Kŭmho-chigu, near Shinp'o, and the provision of North Korean labor, goods and services for the project. The North Korean delegation reportedly demands "special" wages for North Koreans working on the project. The two sides fail to initial an agreement, but talks resume in New York on 22 August. [Note: The KEDO delegation had originally planned to visit the proposed reactor site, but due to torrential rains, the trip was cancelled.]
—"Nuclear Team Arrives in North Korea," Agence France Presse, 21 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; KBS Radio (Seoul), 30 July 1996, in "South's Rector Delegation, Energy Organization Team Leave North Korea," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 1 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO-Pyongyang Talks Set to Resume Thursday," Agence France Presse, 20 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

22 July 1996
South Korea's Ministry of Finance and Economy informs the Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project that South Korea will not finance more that 60 percent (approximately $3.5 billion) of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) project.
—Chosun Ilbo, 23 June 1996, p. 1, in "South Will Not Bear More Than 60 Percent of Costs of Reactors for North," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 July 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "'Puk Kyŏngsuro Piyong Pundam Han'guk 60% Isang Pulga'," Chosun Ilbo, 23 July 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

26 July 1996
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) announces that it has selected the Korea Exchange Bank, Citibank, the Bank of Tokyo and Mitsubishi Bank to handle the financial services for the light water reactor project in North Korea.
—"Four Banks Chosen to Handle N Korean Nuclear Reactor Funds: Report," Agence France Presse, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Chugŏrae'ŭnhaeng/Woehanŭn Sŏnjŏng," Donga Ilbo, 27 July 1996, p. 10, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

29 July 1996
The Kori Nuclear Power Plant and the Korean Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announce that they will build the Kori-5 and Kori-6 nuclear reactors in Pihak-ri, Sŏsaeng-Myŏn, Ulchu-ku, Ulsan, South Kyŏngsan Province and in Hyoam-ri, Chang'an-ŭp, Kijang-kun, Pusan, respectively.
—Kim Ham T'ae, "Koriingŭn Wŏnjŏn 2 Ki Chŭngsŏl/Ulchugu Pihangni, Kijanggun Hyoamni Chumin Tong'ŭi," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 30 July 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

2 August 1996
Russia concludes an agreement with South Korea to repay overdue debts and interest with $90 million worth of enriched uranium and helicopters. South Korea provided the Soviet Union with $1.4 billion in loans in the early 1990s, and Russia has so far repaid $40.4 million.
—"Russia to Supply Enriched Uranium to Repay Overdue Debts," Korea Times, 2 August 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 August 1996
A Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) official announces that KEPCO has selected Duke Engineering & Services as its technical consultant for the light water reactor project in North Korea. The US based Duke Engineering will provide technical support for various aspects of the project including expenses, design and construction. [Note: KEPCO and Duke Engineering & Services sign a contract in May 1997.]
—Yonhap News Agency, 12 August 1996, in "Korea Nuclear Consortium Tentatively names Technical Consultant for North Project," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 13 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "B&W Canada to Supply Qinshan SGs; Other Contracts," Nuclear News, June 1997, vol. 40, no. 7, p. 70.

27 August 1996
The Ministry of Science and Technology announces the decision to establish a nuclear safety commission and a nuclear research fund. Under the plan, the nuclear safety commission will act independently of the Nuclear Commission in order to eliminate any conflict of interest when the International Nuclear Safety Convention goes into effect on 24 October 1996. In addition, the South Korean government transfers the responsibility of managing nuclear waste from the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). The decision comes after KAERI's failure to confirm a site to store nuclear waste.
—Anne MacLachlan, "KEPCO Gets Government Mandate to Manage Korea's Nuclear Waste," Nucleonics Week, 19 September 1996, p. 15, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Gov't to Set up Nuclear Safety Commission," Korea Times, 28 August 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

22 August to 27 September 1996
Representatives from North Korea and the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) meet in New York for the second round of talks concerning protocols on management of the [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o reactor site and the provision of North Korean labor and services to the light water reactor project. On 27 September, the two sides agree to the terms of the protocols. North Korea agrees to provide 3.3 square miles for the construction site and related facilities. However, the most contentious issue, the wages of North Koreans working on the project, remains unresolved as the two sides decide to pass the issue on to KEPCO, the prime contractor for the project.
—"N. Korea, KEDO Resume Talks on Nuclear Reactor Project," Japan Economic Newswire, 23 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 24 August 1996, in "Energy Organization, North Korea Resume Protocol Talks on Reactor Site," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 24 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korean Reactor Project Talks Suspended," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 23 September 1996, in "Negotiations between Korean Energy Body and North Korea on Verge of 'Rupturing'," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 25 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 29 September 1996, in "South Korean Report on Signing of Reactor Protocols," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 30 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 August 1996
Japan's Sankei Shimbun, quoting a Japanese government official, reports that the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) will begin construction on the first light water reactor as early as November.
—"KEDO Set to Start Building Nuke Plants in N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 24 August 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

31 August 1996
The Yŏnggwang-2 nuclear power reactor resumes operation after being shut down due to leaks in the steam generating tubes. The leaks were first identified on 18 July, and the reactor was shut-down on 7 August after technicians discovered cracks in three tubes.
—"Yonggwang-2 Restarts but Questions Linger After Three-Tube Leak," Nucleonics Week, 5 September 1996, p. 2, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Yongkwang Nuclear Plant to Resume Operation Saturday," Chosun Ilbo, 29 August 1996, <http://english.chosun.com>.

1 September 1996
South Korean officials offer to provide $1 million worth of nuclear waste disposal equipment to persuade Russia from dumping radioactive waste into the ocean. The equipment is expected to be available in late October.
—"South Korea Gives $1 Million to Help Russia Store Nuclear Waste," Associated Press, 2 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Russia: South Korea Offers Gov't $1M for Radwaste Dump," Greenwire, 5 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kuk Ki Yŏn, "Rŏ'e Haek'p'yegimul Ch'ŏrijajae Chegong/Chŏngbu, Tonghae't'ugi Yebangch'awŏn Paengmanbul Kyumo," Segye Ilbo, 2 September 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

9-12 September 1996
A workshop on the physical protection of nuclear materials is held at the Nuclear Training Center of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute. Forty participants from seven different organizations attend. The purpose of the workshop is to develop awareness of the physical protection against radiological sabotage and theft of nuclear materials.
—"Workshop on Physical Protection Held," TCNC Newsletter, September/October 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/
tcncnews.htm>.

14 September 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute's (KAERI) Atmospheric Nuclide Monitoring System (ANMS) project team fabricates and installs the ANMS on top of the Radiation Application Research Building. The ANMS can detect an atmospheric nuclear test and substances released from a nuclear reactor or other nuclear related facilities. The ANMS is a joint research project between KAERI and Pacific Sierra Research.
—"ANMS Starts Operations," TCNC Newsletter, September/October 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

16 September 1996
Local government officials from Yŏnggwang-kun, South Chŏlla Province reject for the second time the Board of Audit and Inspections demand to approve the construction license for the Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors.
—"Yongkwang County Again Rejects Nuclear Power Plants," Chosun Ilbo, 16 September 1996, <http://english.chosun.com>; Mark Hibbs, "ROK Seeks New East Coast Site to Host Two Reactors by 2010," Nucleonics Week, 10 April 1997, p. 8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 September 1996
Local government officials from Yŏnggwang-kun, South Chŏlla Province grant the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) a license to construct the Yŏngkwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. In exchange, the Ministry of Trade and Industry and KEPCO agree to legalize and install environmental monitoring facilities around the plants, and to increase compensation for the damages caused by the warm water emissions from the plants.
—"Youngkwang County Issues Nuclear Power Plant License," Chosun Ilbo, 17 September 1996, <http://english.chosun.com>.

18 September 1996
A North Korean submarine runs ashore in the northeastern region of South Korea. According to South Korean reports, the submarine carried 26 North Korean agents, 24 of whom are later killed by South Korean soldiers or their fellow agents. The incident sparks inflamed rhetoric from both the North and South and threatens the success of ongoing North Korea- KEDO negotiations on the light water reactor supply contract. Following the incident, South Korea cancels a planned visit to [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o by a site survey team.
—"Talks with North Korea 'In Flux' on Nuclear Project," Agence France Presse, 10 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Seoul: U.S., S. Korea to Bolster Defense," United Press International, 11 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "U.S. Urges N. Korea to Change Attitude," United Press International, 12 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Lee Tong Chae and Chu Yŏng Ki, "Mujangganch'ŏp 10 Myŏng Kangnŭng Ch'im't'u/Onŭlsaebyŏk P'ŭrasŭtik Chamsujŏng Iyong," Kukmin Ilbo, 18 September 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Saengp'oganch'ŏp Lee Kwang Su Ilmun'iltap," Kukmin Ilbo, 19 September 1996, p. 27, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

24 September 1996
The South Korean Ministry of National Defense issues a statement proposing the resumption of the combined US-South Korean military exercise Team Spirit. According to the statement, Seoul will make the recommendation to Washington during bilateral security consultative talks scheduled for 31 October to 1 November. [Note: Condemned by Pyongyang as preparations for a nuclear conflict, the annual Team Spirit exercise was canceled in 1994 in order to ease tension on the Korean Peninsula in the months leading up to the Agreed Framework. The proposed resumption of the exercise comes in the wake of the mid-September incursion of a North Korean submarine into South Korea.]
—"S. Korea to Propose to U.S. Revival of Joint Drills," Japan Economic Newswire, 24 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Vasily Golovnin, "South Korea Moves to Resume 'Team Spirit' Manoeuvres," ITAR-TASS, 24 September 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Seoul Seeks Restart of Joint Maneuvers," Washington Post, 25 September 1996, p. A26, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

24 September 1996
Construction begins for the Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors.
— Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/f2_01_01_07_03.html>; Ministry of Science and Technology, <http://www.most.go.kr/most/
english/nuclear_05.jsp>.

30 September 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) announces it has developed an improved nuclear fuel for heavy water reactors. The research was conducted jointly with Canada and will be tested on a model reactor in Canada in November 1997. According to researchers, the development of this improved fuel gives South Korea the ability to independently produce nuclear fuel for heavy water reactors.
—Sŏn Yŏn Kyu, "Chungsuroyong Haegyŏllyo Such'ulshidae Nun'ap (Ch'ŏmdan Kwahak Shingisul)," Hankook Ilbo, 1 October 1996, p. 25, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

October 1996
Korea Nuclear Fuel Company (KNFC) announces it will expand its fuel fabrication capacity by the end of 1997 to meet the demands of the additional reactors South Korea plans to bring into operation between now and 2010. KNCF has already begun construction of a new fabrication plant with assistance from Fragema of France and GE Canada. The plant is expected to be operational by January 1998 with the capacity to produce 400 metric tons of PWR fuel (the current fabrication plant produces 200 metric tons). In addition, KNFC is building a plant to make natural uranium fuel for South Korea's three CANDU-6 reactors. The plant is expected to be operational by early 1998 and will produce 400 metric tons of uranium per year.
—Mark Hibbs, "KNFC to Double Fabrication Capacity for PWR's and Add Candu Line," Nuclear Fuel, 18 November 1996, p. 8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 October 1996
The South Korean National Assembly releases a report on the number of nuclear accidents that have occurred since the first nuclear power plant was constructed in 1978. The report reveals 288 incidents since 1978, with Kori-1, -2 and -3 nuclear power reactors as the plants with the most accidents. However, since 1995, the Yŏnggwang power plants are reported to have the most accidents, accounting for 57.8 percent of the total.
—"288 Nuclear Plant Incidents Reported Since 1978," Chosun Ilbo, 1 October 1996, <http://english.chosun.com>.

3-4 October 1996
The 5th South Korea-International Atomic Energy Agency Joint Review Meeting on Safeguards Implementation is held in Vienna. South Korean and IAEA officials discuss the inspection results of 1995, review the status of facility attachments and design information questionnaires, safeguards implementation at each facility, the strengthening of safeguards, notification of imports and exports, and the exemption and non-exemption of nuclear materials.
—"5th Korea-IAEA Safeguards Review Meeting Held in Vienna," TCNC Newsletter, November/December 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/
Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

4 October 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) announces a plan for the development and construction of the Korean Advanced Liquid Metal Reactor (KALIMER). According to the plan, KAERI will begin construction in 2005 and the reactor is expected to be completed in 2010. In addition, KAERI plans to complete the production of nuclear fuel for the KALIMER by 2006 and complete construction of a nuclear fuel production facility by 2010.
—Sŏn Yŏn Kyu, "Aekch'e'kŭmsongno (KALIMER) Ch'ŏmdan Kwahak Shingisul," Hankook Ilbo, 5 October 1996, p. 13, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

9 October 1996
South Korean President Kim Young Sam announces that construction on the light water reactor project in North Korea will be delayed due to the mid-September incursion of a North Korean submarine into South Korea.
—"S. Korea to Suspend Aid to North, President Kim Says," Japan Economic Newswire, 9 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Ki Hong, "'Kyŏngsuro Sŏdŭlji Anhk'etta'/ Kim Tae't'ongnyŏng Palghyŏ," Segye Ilbo, 10 October 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 October 1996
US Assistant Secretary of State Winston Lord and South Korean Foreign Minister Kong Ro Myŏng meet in Seoul to discuss bilateral security issues following the mid-September incursion of a North Korean submarine into South Korea and the subsequent deaths of the North Korean crew. Despite the rising tension on the peninsula, Lord and Kong agree that the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) project should move ahead as scheduled.
—"Seoul: U.S., S. Korea to Bolster Defense," United Press International, 11 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Zeno Park, "South Korea and US Agree to Push for Dialogue with North Korea," Agence France Presse, 11 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 October 1996
The European Union (EU) agrees to provide funding over a five-year period to the Korean Energy Development Organization (KEDO). In addition, the EU holds talks with KEDO in hopes of gaining a seat on the executive board, which would allow European companies to compete for contracts associated with the KEDO project.
—"EU ups KEDO Funding, Bids for Seat on Board," EC Energy Monthly, 18 October 1996, p. 22, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "EU to Join KEDO at Early Date," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 18 October 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Yurŏp'yŏnhap KEDO Isagukddaen Hoewŏn'guk Puk Wŏnjŏn Kŏnsŏl Ch'am'yŏ," Kookmin Ilbo, 17 October 1996, p. 6, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

19 October 1996
An opening ceremony is held for the Yŏnggwang-3 and -4 nuclear power reactors.
— Korean Electric Power Corporation, "Chŏllyŏksaŏp 100 Nyŏnsa," 27 April 2001, <http://www.kepco.co.kr/kepco_plaza/f/f2/html/
f2_01_01_07_03.html>; "Yonggwang Nuclear Units 3, 4 Dedicated," Korea Times, 21 October 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 October-17 November 1996
The 4th Nuclear Cooperation Policy Course is held in Washington, DC for South Korean managers in the field of nuclear energy. The course covers an overview of non-proliferation policy, the international non-proliferation regime, the US nuclear export control regime, US views on nuclear fuel cycle technologies, US policy on nuclear technology, and a technical perspective of international nuclear cooperation. South Korean officials requested the arrangement of this course during the US-ROK Joint Standing Committee on Nuclear and Other Energy Technologies meeting in 1996.
—"Nuclear Cooperation Policy Course Held in Washington DC for Korean Nuclear Managers," TCNC Newsletter, November/December 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

31 October-1 November 1996
US Defense Secretary William Perry and South Korean Defense Minister Kim Dong Jin meet in Washington for an annual security meeting. Perry and Kim issue a joint security communiqué condemning "the submarine infiltration of armed North Korean commandoes" as a breach of the armistice agreement. In addition, the communiqué reaffirms the need for a "robust schedule" of combined military maneuvers, but it puts off until next year any decision on whether or not to resume the contentious Team Spirit exercise. [Note: Pyongyang condemns the Team Spirit exercise as a preparation for nuclear attacks against North Korea. Team Spirit has been cancelled since 1994 in order to reduce tension on the peninsula, but after the 18 September North Korean submarine incident, South Korea has recommended resuming the maneuvers.]
—Yonhap News Agency, 2 November 1996, in "Communiqué on Security Issued with USA," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 4 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kohei Murayama, "S. Korea, U.S. to Enhance War Drills, but Not Team Spirit," Japan Economic Newswire, 2 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

November 1996
South Korean officials decide to take additional precautionary measures to protect its coastal power plants and nuclear reactor sites after North Korean submarines were discovered off the coast of the Ulchin nuclear power plant in September.
—Mark Hibbs, "ROK Takes Anti-Sabotage Action in Wake of Submarine Incident," Nucleonics Week, 7 November 1996, p. 10, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

November 1996
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), and Atomic Energy of Canada, Ltd. (AECL) begin negotiating with the Point Lepreau power station to conduct tests on a CANDU-6 unit. AECL and KAERI have been conducting a joint research project to reduce the usage of spent fuel by the four PHWR reactors in Wŏlsŏng by developing a modified CANDU fuel bundle. Officials at KAERI hope to test-load the fuel at the Wŏlsŏng-1 nuclear power reactor in four years. This research project is part of a plan to reduce South Korea's spent fuel storage problem. South Korea is avoiding projects that reprocess spent fuel due to US prior consent rights and pressure not to reprocess. [Note: The "Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula" of 1992 prohibits spent fuel reprocessing].
—Mark Hibbs, "Demo Test of Korean-Canadian Canflex Planned in Canada," Nuclear Fuel, 5 November 1996, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

November 1996
South Korean officials announce plans to re-negotiate its bilateral nuclear cooperation agreement with the US. South Korean officials hope to lift the indefinite ban on South Korea from reprocessing spent fuel that originates in the US.
—Mark Hibbs, "Korea's Long-Term Ambition is French Nuclear Pact with US," Nuclear Fuel, 2 December 1996, p. 4, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early November 1996
South Korean officials announce Kori and Ponggil as two possible sites for eight additional power reactors. These reactors are expected to be completed by 2010, and officials hope to decide by 1997 whether they will be PWR or PHWR reactors.
—Mark Hibbs, "Next Korean Reactors May be Built at Kori, Ponggil Sites," Nucleonics Week, 7 November 1996, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early November 1996
British Nuclear Fuels, Ltd. (BNFL) and the Korean Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) sign an agreement to jointly investigate the possibility of Korea's CANDU reactors using recycled uranium from fuel processed at BNFL's plant.
—Pearl Marshall, "BNFL, KAERI to Investigate Using REPU in South Korean Candu Stations," Nuclear Fuel, 30 December 1996, p. 7, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early November 1996
The Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) completes construction of a new building that has nuclear safety control facilities and a radiation prevention center in the Taedŏk Science Town in Taejŏn. In the new building, approximately 300 experts will be in charge of nuclear power plant safety evaluations and safety controls for isotope-related facilities.
—Kim Pyŏng Hui, "Wŏnjaryŏg'anjŏn'gisul 'Sae Tungji Tŭrŏtta'/Taedŏg'yŏn'gudanjinae'e Saech'ŏngsa Wan'gong," Donga Ilbo, 2 November 1996, p. 31, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

1 November 1996
Samsung Heavy Industries announces it has independently developed a fuel cell for use in nuclear power reactors. This development makes South Korea the third country in the world to have independently manufactured a galvanic battery.
—"Palchŏnyong Yŏllyojŏnji Kaebal/Samsŏngjunggong'ŏp Segye 3 Pŏnjjae," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 2 November 1996, p. 8, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

5 November 1996
Asia's first conference on the safety of nuclear power is held in Tokyo. The conference is hosted by Japan, and participants include officials from South Korea, China, Australia, Indonesia, Malaysia, the Philippines, Thailand, and Vietnam. The participating states agree to closer cooperation and exchanges on safeguards and the management of radioactive waste.
—"Asian Nations Confirm Need for Safe Nuclear Energy Use," Japan Economic Newswire, 5 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Asia's First Nuclear Safety Conference Appeals for Closer Cooperation," Agence France Presse, 5 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 November 1996
South Korean President Kim Young Sam announces that South Korea will not participate in the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) light water reactor project until North Korea apologizes for the incursion of a North Korean submarine into South Korea on 18 September. In an interview with the Washington Post, Kim says, "The implementation of the nuclear agreement on our part will be suspended for the time being."
—Kevin Sullivan, "S. Korea Demands Apology from North: Kim Suspends Nuclear Deal after Sub Incident," Washington Post, 9 November 1996, p. A19; Yonhap News Agency, 9 November 1996, in "South's President Says Nuclear Project Aid Suspended but Not Totally Withdrawn," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 11 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Park In Kyu, "Kyŏngsuro Chiwŏn Mugihan Yubo/Kim Tae't'ongnyŏng WP Chi Hoegyŏn," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 10 November 1996, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

12 November 1996
China and South Korea agree to promote twelve joint research projects in science and technology. The two countries also agree to establish a nuclear consultative council.
—"S Korea, China Agree to Expand Science-Technology Cooperation in Fields of Nuclear Fusion, Genetic Engineering," Korea Times, 13 November 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

16 November 1996
The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) authorizes the Technology Center for Nuclear Control (TCNC) of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to be the nation's technical assistant agency for national safeguards implementation, which is to begin in 1997.
—"MOST Authorizes TCNC as Technical Assistant Agency for National Safeguards Implementation," TCNC Newsletter, November/December 1996, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

20 November 1996
Paul Cleveland, chairman of the Board of Directors of the Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) and US ambassador-at-large in charge of nuclear affairs, meets in Seoul with Chang Sŏn Sŏp, director commissioner of the ROK Light-Water Reactor Office. Cleveland stresses that resumption of the KEDO light water reactor project is vital to security on the Korean Peninsula, but Chang says that Seoul's position is that activities relating to the reactor project will not resume until Pyongyang apologizes for the 18 September submarine incident. Chang says that South Korea cannot guarantee the safety of technicians working on the project while tension on the peninsula is so high.
—Donga Ilbo, 21 November 1996, p. 2, in "Light Water Reactor Project Discussed at Seoul Meeting," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 22 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Mun Ch'ŏl, "Mi 'Kyŏngsuro Chosokchaegae Hŭimang'/Panghan Mi Kyŏngsurodaesa," Donga Ilbo, 21 November 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>

20 November 1996
South Korea and Vietnam sign a cooperation agreement on researching peaceful uses of nuclear energy. The two countries agree to conduct research on the peaceful uses of nuclear energy, to abide by International Atomic Energy Agency safety regulations, and to obtain approval from one another prior to transferring nuclear material to a third country.
—Han Dong Soo, "ROK, Vietnam to Expand Cooperation/Kim, Do Muoi Agree in Summit Talks," Korea Times, 21 November 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "ROK, Vietnam Sign Agreement on Safe Use of Nuclear Energy," Korea Times, 21 November 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

22 November 1996
In Manila, South Korean Foreign Minister Yu Chong Ha says that South Korea cannot proceed with the four-party talks and the KEDO light water reactor project until North Korea apologizes for the 18 September submarine infiltration into South Korea. However, US Secretary of State Warren Christopher says it is important to continue the talks and the reactor project.
—Cho Kang Su, "'Puk Sagwa · Chaebalbangji Yaksok Sŏnhaengdoeya'/Han, Mi Woemuhoedam," Kukmin Ilbo, 23 November 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

24 November 1996
US President Bill Clinton and South Korean President Kim Young Sam issue a joint statement reassuring North Korea that the KEDO light water reactor project "will be implemented." Referring to the 18 September submarine incident, the statement also calls on North Korea to "take acceptable steps...to reduce tension and avoid such provocations in the future."
—"URGENT Clinton and Kim Call on N. Korea to Help Reduce Tension," Agence France Presse, 24 November 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Tyler Marshall and David Holley, "Clinton Smooths Rift with S. Korean Leader; Diplomacy: Two Nations Still Differ on N. Korea Nuclear Policy, Peace Initiatives, as Asian Summit Opens," Los Angeles Times, 25 November 1996, p. A1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "4 Cha Hwoedam Chŏnjesŏpsi Ch'ujin/Chŏngbu, 'Chamsuham Sagŏn' Sagwawa'ŭi Yŏngye Ch'ŏlhoe," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 25 November 1996, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

25 November 1996
ABB Combustion Engineering Nuclear Systems is awarded an engineering design and components contract by the Korea Electric Power Corporation for the Ulchin-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. Construction for the two 1,000MW(e) reactors will begin in early 2003 and 2004.
—"South Korea/US," Nucleonics Week, 12 December 1996, p. 14, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "ABB Wins Dollars 200M N-Plant Equipment Supply Contract," FT Energy Newsletter, 9 December 1996, p. 26, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Late News," Nuclear News, January 1997, p. 17, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Ulchin-5 and -6 Contracts Signed,' Nucleonics Week, 19 December 1996, p. 18, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Late November 1996
The US government decides to hold talks with South Korean officials about signing Part II of the 93+2 enhanced International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) safeguards. Part II of the 93+2 safeguards include more intrusive IAEA inspections and require states to submit an expanded declaration of nuclear activities. South Korea recently joined Germany and Japan in voicing opposition to these enhanced safeguards.
—Mark Hibbs, "ROK Belatedly Weighs in on 93+2 Safeguard Terms," Nuclear Fuel, 2 December 1996, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Early December 1996
The South Korean National Assembly approves new legislation calling for an independent Nuclear Safety Commission that is to take over the responsibility of regulatory activities from the Atomic Energy Commission. The new legislation also requires nuclear operators to inform the public on the environmental impact of nuclear power plants. In addition, nuclear fuel design activities will be transferred from the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to the Korea Nuclear Fuel Company (KNFC). Furthermore, the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) will be responsible for the funding and management of radioactive waste.
—"Parliament Revises Atomic Energy Law," Nuclear News, January 1997, p. 35, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

December 1996
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces it will not participate in the Direct Use of Spent PWR Fuel in CANDU Reactors (DUPIC) program to reduce spent fuel inventories at the Kori nuclear power station. The DUPIC program involves re-fabricating spent PWR fuel and burning it in the Wŏlsŏng reactors. According to KEPCO officials, South Korea would prefer to have another country such as France or Britain reprocess Kori's spent fuel. However, the US is against such a move and any efforts by South Korea to reprocess fuel supplied by the US or any other country.
—Mark Hibbs, "KEPCO Says it has no Plans to Implement DUPIC Fuel Cycle," Nuclear Fuel, 16 December 1996, p. 11, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 December 1996
China's vice premier asks South Korean officials for more investments in China's nuclear power plants, and more technology transfers during a four day visit to South Korea.
—"Chinese Vice Premier Calls for S Korean Nuclear Power Investment," Agence France Presse, 17 December 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; O Sŭng Ho, "'Chung Wŏnjŏn'gŏnsŏl Han'gukkiŏp Ch'amyŏ Hŏyong'/Han Chung Puch'ongni Hoedam," Taehan Maeil, 18 December 1996, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

30 December 1996
South Korea returns the remains of 24 North Korean commandoes that were killed after their submarine ran ashore near Kangnŭng, South Korea on 18 September. After the remains are returned, North Korea further eases tension on the peninsula by expressing its "willingness to listen...to a 'joint explanation' of the proposed 'four-way (peace) talks'" aimed at replacing the Korean War Armistice with an official peace treaty.
—"Bodies of 24 Dead North Koreans Returned," Associated Press, 30 December 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "North Korea Makes New Peace Gesture after Return of Sub Bodies," Agence France Presse, 30 December 1996, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Late 1996
Researchers at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) hope to test the Direct Use of spent PWR fuel in CANDU (DUPIC) program by 1998-99. DUPIC is a joint project by South Korea, the US, and Canada to resolve the conflict between the US and South Korea over reprocessing spent fuel from Korean power reactors. Korean researchers estimate the cost of using DUPIC fuel to be $15 million less than using natural uranium fuel.
—Mark Hibbs, "ROK Plans to Demonstrate DUPIC Fuel Cycle by 1999," Nuclear Fuel, 18 November 1996, p. 9, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

	Updated September 2004