1999
The South Korean government issues W150 billion ($125 million) in treasury bonds to help finance the LWR project under the Agreed Framework.
—Yonhap News Agency, 31 October 2000, "ROK's Yonhap: Dong-ah, Hyundai Likely to Negatively Affect Nuclear Reactor Plan," in FBIS Document ID: KPP2001031000052.

Early 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) resumes payment to ABB Combustion Engineering (ABB-CE) for the construction of the Yŏnggwang-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. Construction began in early 1997, but KEPCO suspended payment when the Korean economic crisis hit. However, construction continued throughout 1998 and both units are expected to begin commercial operation in 2002.
—Mark Hibbs, "KEPCO Construction Back on Track; Yonggwang-5 Target is 58 Months," Nucleonics Week, 8 April 1999, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

January 1999
Construction begins on the Uljin-5 and -6 nuclear power reactors. Uljin-5 is expected to begin commercial operation in June 2004, and Uljin-6 in June 2005.
— Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, "Han'guk Suryŏg'wŏnjaryŏk (Chu) Uljinwŏnjaryŏk Ponbu," <http://www.khnp.co.kr/korea_map/korea.html>; Ministry of Science and Technology, <http://www.most.go.kr/index_e.html>.

January 1999
According to a report in Nucleonics Week, the US denied greater nuclear cooperation with South Korea because of suspicions that South Korea was developing nuclear weapons in the 1970s under former President Park Chung Hee. However, the US never officially denied nor admitted any knowledge of a nuclear weapons program in South Korea. According to US officials, the US discovered that South Korea was involved in research related to nuclear weapons development in the 1970s that did not require IAEA reporting. In response to this discovery, the US enforced strict verification and safeguard clauses into the US-ROK bilateral cooperation agreement, which includes challenge and short notice inspections at all nuclear related facilities.
—Mark Hibbs, "Legacy of Secret Nuclear Program Led US to Blunt ROK Cooperation," Nucleonics Week, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

4 January 1999
Researchers at the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) unveil the development of the world's first free electron laser (FEL). This new device can be used in research related to DNA, semiconductors, isotope separation, molecular structure and next generation military surveillance systems. The FEL project cost one billion won and took researchers at KAERI three years to complete.
—Hwang Chang Chin, Korea Herald, 5 January 1999, in "Korean Researchers Develop Small Free Electric Laser," FBIS Document ID: FTS20000104000543.

4 January 1999
South Korean President Kim Dae Jung urges a diplomatic solution to problems arising from North Korea's nuclear and missile programs. Presiding over a National Security Council meeting, Kim says, "We need to solve the pending problems, including the North's nuclear and missile issues, through dialogue and negotiation."
—Chon Shi Yong, "President Kim Advocates Measures to Avert Crisis on Korean Peninsula," Korea Herald, 5 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 January 1999
The US, China and the two Koreas hold working-level consultations at the UN in New York to prepare for the upcoming fourth round of four-party talks to be held in Geneva during 18-22 January.
—Yonhap News Agency, 6 January 1999, in "Preparatory Meeting Held for Geneva Four-Party Conference on Korea," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 6 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

7 January 1999
South Korean Defense Minister Ch'ŏn Yong T'aek and his Japanese counterpart Housei Norota meet in Seoul to expand military cooperation to prepare for possible aggression from North Korea. The two defense ministers agree that stability in Northeast Asia requires greater transparency in North Korea's nuclear program. At the meeting, Norota also reiterates Tokyo's threat to suspend all financial contributions to the KEDO light water reactor project if North Korea test launches another long-range missile. [Note: On 31 August 1998, Tokyo suspended all financial support to KEDO after North Korea test fired a rocket over Japanese territory. Tokyo did not lift the freeze on financial contributions until late-October 1998.]
—"South Korea, Japan to Expand Defense Ties over North Korea Threat," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 7 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Tokyo Threatens to Withdraw Support for NK Nuclear Project," Korea Times, 7 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Zeno Park, "Japanese Defense Chief Warns Tokyo May Withdraw from Nuclear Project," Agence France Presse, 7 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Song Sang Kŭn, "Han—Il Kunsa Hotline Kot Kaesŏn...Yangguk Kukpangjanggwan Hoedam," Donga Ilbo, 8 January 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

12 January 1999
Chang Sŏn Sŏp, director of South Korea's Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project, announces that it would be physically impossible to complete the light water reactors by the original target date of 2003. Chang says that due to several events, including the September 1996 incursion of a North Korean submarine into South Korea and North Korea's firing of a rocket over Japan in August 1998, the two light water reactors will not be completed for several years beyond the original target date.
—"Completion of N. Korea N-Reactors to Be Delayed," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 13 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 January 1999
A KEDO official announces that due to difficulty in collecting funds, full-scale construction of the two light water reactors will not begin on 15 January as scheduled. Instead, construction is scheduled to begin five months later on 15 June.
—KBS Radio, 14 January 1999, in "KEDO Organization to Delay North Reactor Construction," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 16 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14-16 January 1999
US Secretary of Defense William Cohen meets with South Korean officials in Seoul to coordinate policies on North Korea. Cohen and Defense Minister Ch'ŏn Yong T'aek issue a joint statement in which they state that "combined defense readiness should be steadfastly maintained against a wide range of possible threats" from North Korea. Ch'ŏn and Cohen also demand full access to a suspected nuclear facility in Kŭmch'ang-ri. At a joint press conference with Ch'ŏn, Cohen says that while there is no conclusive evidence that the site is related to a clandestine nuclear weapons program, "we believe there is sufficient evidence for us to be suspicious, and the suspicions must be addressed." Ch'ŏn adds that Seoul and Washington will take joint action if conclusive evidence is found that the Kŭmch'ang-ri facility is nuclear related.
—Pauline Jelinek, "U.S. Korea Vow Closer Military Ties against North Korean 'Threats,'" Associated Press, 14 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Seoul, Washington Ask for Full Access to Suspected DPRK Nuke Site," Xinhua News Agency, 15 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19-22 January 1999
Representatives from the United States, China and the two Koreas meet in Geneva for the fourth round of four-party peace talks aimed at replacing the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement with a formal peace treaty. For the first time the four parties meet in two earlier established subcommittees, one to address facilitating a lasting peace between the two Koreas, and the other to address reducing tension on the peninsula. The talks make little progress as North Korea reportedly renews its demand for the withdrawal of all US forces from South Korea. The four parties agree to resume talks in mid-April.
—"Korea Peninsular Talks Go into 4th Round amid Pessimism," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 19 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Geir Moulson, "Korea Negotiators Make Steady Start to Latest Peace Talks," Associated Press, 19 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Janet Lawrence, "Korean Peace Talks in Final Day, Little Sign of Progress," Agence France Presse, 22 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

19-23 January 1999
Representatives from North Korea and KEDO meet in Hyangsan, North Korea for talks on a protocol detailing the procedure for training North Korean technicians on light water reactor operations.
—"North Koreans, KEDO Open Talks on Nuclear Reactors," Agence France Press, 19 January 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Ch'ang Hyŏk, "Pukkyŏngsuro Illyŏk Han'guksŏ Yŏnsu...KEDO Wa Ŭijŏngsŏch'egyŏl Hyŏpsang," Donga Ilbo, 19 January 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

1 February 1999
Yŏnggwang-3 nuclear power reactor shuts down due to a malfunction of the turbine generator. According to Yŏnggwang plant technicians, no radioactive leaks are detected and the reactor is expected to resume full operations by 2 February.
—Lee Su Pŏm, "Yŏnggwangwŏnjŏn 3 Hogi Paljŏn Chungdan," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 2 February 1999, p. 26, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

4 February 1999
South Korea and Egypt sign an agreement to cooperate in the field of nuclear energy. Officials from the two countries discuss ways to exchange technology and facilities for the construction of nuclear power plants.
—Yonhap News Agency, 4 February 1999, in "ROK, Egypt Agree to Cooperate in Atomic Energy," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990203001944; "Kimch'ongni Egypt Pangmun-Wŏnjŏn'gŏnsŏl Hyŏmnyŏk Hapŭi, Muparŭk'ŭdae't'ongnyŏnge' 4," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 5 February 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

6-10 February 1999
Charles Kartman, US special envoy for Korean affairs, meets with senior South Korean officials in Seoul to discuss progress in the four-party peace talks and the US desire to gain access to North Korea's suspected underground nuclear facility in Kŭmch'ang-ri. On 9 February, Kartman meets with Kwŏn Chong Rak, director general for the North American Affairs Bureau of the South Korean Foreign Ministry, and Terusuke Terada, Japanese special envoy for Korean affairs, to coordinate US, South Korean and Japanese policies on various North Korean issues including the suspect Kŭmch'ang-ri facility, implementation of the 1994 Agreed Framework, and the possibility of another North Korean missile test. According to a government official in Seoul, Kartman informs Kwŏn and Terada that the United States will not ease economic sanctions against North Korea until Pyongyang allows inspection of the Kŭmch'ang-ri site. Terada also reportedly says that Japan will not send additional food aid to North Korea until suspicions about the site are erased.
—"U.S. Envoy Kartman Due in Seoul Today in N. Korean Site," Korea Herald, 6 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S. Korea, U.S., Japan to Hold Talks Tues. on N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 6 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "3-Way Talks on Underground Site to Open Today," Korea Times, 8 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "US, S Korea and Japan Begin Talks over N Korea's Nuclear Site," Agence France Presse, 8 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Lim Yun-Suk, "US likely to Lift Sanctions on N Korea if Nuclear Suspicions Cleared," Agence France Presse, 9 February 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kim Ch'ang Hyŏk, "Hanmiil Taebukchŏngch'aekhyŏp, Puk Missile Ŏkche Kinmilhyŏb'ŭi," Donga Ilbo, 10 February 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

8 March 1999
William Perry, coordinator of US policy on North Korea, travels to Seoul and meets with President Kim Dae Jung, Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Hong Sun Yŏng and Im Dong Wŏn, senior presidential secretary for foreign affairs and national security. Perry, who for the past few months has been writing a review of Washington's policy on North Korea, discusses the differences between Washington's and Seoul's approach to addressing concerns arising from North Korea. After meeting Perry, Hong announces that the two sides agreed to "solve North Korea's nuclear and missile issues within the framework of Seoul's engagement policy."
—"Perry to Coordinate NK Policy with Seoul Officials," Korea Times, 8 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Seoul, Washington to Continue "Sunshine Policy" Toward DPRK," Xinhua News Agency, 9 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency), 9 March 1999, in "South Korea, USA Discuss Outlook If Package Solution to North Fails," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 9 March 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 March 1999
An official in South Korea's Planning Office for the North Korean Light-Water Reactor Project says that the canning of the spent-fuel rods from the 5MW(e) nuclear reactor in Yŏngbyŏn-kun will be complete sometime in May or June 1999.
—Joongang Ilbo, 13 March 1999, in "Article Notes Sealing of Fuel Rods Expected to End Soon," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990314000166, 13 March 1999.

18 March 1999
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy (MOCIE) announces an eight-year plan that includes investing 500 billion won to acquire more sophisticated and advanced nuclear power technology by the year 2006. The plan calls for self reliance in nuclear technology, computerization of nuclear plant design codes, and increasing the competitiveness of Korean technology in the international market. [Note: According to the Kukmin Ilbo, MOCIE makes this announcement on 21 March 1999.]
—Korea Times, 19 March 1999, in "ROK to Invest in, Seek Nuclear Power-Related Technology," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990319001723; Nam Sang Mun, "Hanjŏn, Wŏnjaryŏkpalchŏn Kisulgodohwa Kyehoek," Kukmin Ilbo, 22 March 1999, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

23 March 1999
Yŏnggwang-2 nuclear power reactor is shut down due to a malfunction of the turbine generator.
—Na Yŏng Sŏk, "Yŏnggwangwŏnjŏn 2 Hogi Kadongjungdan," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 24 March 1999, p. 21, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

24 March 1999
The International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Board of Governors approves South Korea's application for the Additional Protocol (INFCIRC/540) to the Comprehensive Safeguard Agreement.
—"IAEA Board Approved Additional Protocol for ROK," TCNC Newsletter, 1 April 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

24 March 1999
The Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) announces it has developed a new technology to accurately assess the level of deterioration of metal parts used in nuclear power reactors.
—"Wŏnjaryokkigi Pyŏnsŏngch'ŭkchŏng Capsule Kaebal," Kyunghyang Shinmun, 25 March 1999, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

27 March 1999
A foreign substance is found in the steam generator of the Yŏnggwang-2 nuclear power reactor. [Note: Yŏnggwang-2 is shut down for an inspection of the foreign substance on 28 March. According to the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) there is approximately 50-70 grams of this foreign substance in the reactor. Yŏnggwang-2 is expected to be shut down for approximately ten days.]
—Chŏng U Ch'ŏn, "Yŏnggwang Wŏnjŏn 2 Hogi Ddo Sago Ch'oegŭn 1 Choilsae 4 Ch'aryebalsaeng," Munhwa Ilbo, 29 March 1999, p. 26, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Chŏng Sŭng Ho, "Yŏnggwangwŏnjŏn 2 Hogi Ddo Mŏmch'wo...23 Il Ihu Neach'arye Kojang," Donga Ilbo, 29 March 1999, p. 23, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

Early April 1999
The KEDO Executive Board meets in New York to discuss loan guarantees for the $4.6 billion light water reactor project in North Korea. The United States, EU, South Korea, and Japan reportedly agree that contracts with KEDO should include the consortium's guarantee to pay back the loans if North Korea defaults. However, the United States reportedly demands assurance that it would not assume responsibility for paying back the loans even though it is a KEDO board member.
—Yonhap News Agency, 14 April 1999, in "South Korea, USA, Japan Fail to Agree on Recovering North's Reactor Costs," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 14 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

April 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) is expected to order two CANDU-9 pressurized heavy water reactors from Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL) and two pressurized water reactors (PWR) from ABB-Combustion Engineering within two months. KEPCO plans to construct these nuclear power plants at a site previously named Ponggil, which is adjacent to the four Wŏlsŏng plants. KEPCO has renamed the site "Shin-Wŏlsŏng" (New Wŏlsŏng).
—Mark Hibbs, "KEPCO May Order Four Reactors, Two Each for Wolsong and Kori," Nucleonics Week, 15 April 1999, p. 1, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 April 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces that Yŏnggwang-2 nuclear power reactor will undergo maintenance inspections on its steam generators for the next two months. Yŏnggwang-2 has been non-operational since 23 March. According to KEPCO officials, Westinghouse, the reactor's designer, will be contracted to carry out the maintenance.
—Chosun Ilbo, 1 April 1999, in "Nuclear Plant Remains Closed; KEPCO to Check Generator," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990401000580.

4 April 1999
Kori-3 nuclear power reactor shuts down due to a problem with the cooling system and steam generator. According to Kori's chief engineer, it will take ten days to service the reactor.
—Chosun Ilbo, 4 April 1999, in "Cooling System, Generator Trouble Close Kori Nuke Plant," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990404000256; "Koriwŏnjŏn 3 Hogi Naenggakkyet'ong Kojang...Paljŏn Chungdan," Munhwa Ilbo, 5 April 1999, p. 22, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

4 April 1999
Officials at Yŏnggwang-2 nuclear power reactor discover washers and bolts from support pins in two of the three generators. According to officials, the debris was due to the poor quality of the metals used. Officials say the pins will be replaced during a two-month maintenance period.
—Chosun Ilbo, 4 April 1999, in "Investigators Find Debris in Nuke Plant's Generators," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990404000251; Kim Chong Nae, "(Yŏnggwangwŏnjŏn 2 Hogi Sago) Wŏnjaro Cheŏbong Chijipin P'ason," Donga Ilbo, 5 April 1999, p. 21, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

8 April 1999
The director general of the Nuclear Energy Agency (a semi-autonomous body of the OECD) states that South Korea can soon become a major exporter of nuclear technology and equipment to other countries. In addition, the director general suggests that South Korea team up with energy companies in Europe and the US to participate in projects in China and other Asian countries.
—Korea Times, 9 April 1999, in "OECD Official Says ROK May Become Nuclear Exporter," FBIS Document ID: FTS199990409000809.

Mid April 1999
According to a report by Nuclear Fuel, South Korean is setting aside an inventory of spent fuel from two French supplied reactors at Uljin for possible reprocessing despite KEPCO's a recent statement by KEPCO President Chang Yŏng Shik that South Korea will not reprocess. However, some Korean and French government and industry officials are waiting for KEPCO to reverse its decision when a new president is appointed in 2001. The two reactors at Uljin are not subject to US prior consent rights since the fuel was supplied by France.
—Mark Hibbs, "Reprocessing Bid After Chang to Center on Ulchin Spent Fuel," Nuclear Fuel, 19 April 1999, p. 3, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 April 1999
Chang Yŏng Shik, the president of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces that KEPCO has no plans to reprocess spent nuclear fuel or process them into mixed oxide. According to Chang, the decision is due to a lack of economic benefits of reprocessing, pressure from the South Korean government, and the possibility of misunderstanding by North Korea.
—"Nuclear Reprocessing Not an Option for S Korea: KEPCO Chief," Asia Pulse, 14 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 April 1999
Chang Yŏng Shik, president of KEPCO, the primary contractor of the KEDO light water reactor project, tells reporters in Japan that the reactors to be constructed in North Korea should never use mixed oxide fuel (MOX), a mixture of uranium and plutonium.
—"South Korean Rules Out Plutonium at N. Korea's KEDO Reactors," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 12 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 April 1999
The South Korean government signs and ratifies the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
—Yonhap News Agency, 13 April 1999, in "Cabinet Approves Nuclear Test Ban, Extradition Treaties," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990412001997.

15 April 1999
Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung) announces that it has contracted to sell four heavy water storage tanks to Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited (AECL), which will use the tanks in the construction of the Qinshan Atomic Power Plant in China. The plant is scheduled for completion in November 2003. According to Hanjung, the 140 billion won contract with AECL will include the provision of 20 different types of nuclear components by July 2001.
—"HANJUNG Exports Nuclear Reactor Equipment to China," Korea Herald, 16 April 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "HANJUNG Ships N-Power Generation Facility to China," Korea Times, 16 April 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

19 April 1999
The Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy announces that Chang Yŏng Shik will be fired from his position as president of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). According to the Minister, the government's decision to fire Chang is because he leaked information about a thermal power plant in North Korea and for his public criticisms of the government's restructuring plans for the energy sector.
—Samuel Lee, "Gov't to Replace KEPCO President," Korea Herald, 20 April 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Hwang Chŏng Mi, "Chŏngbu, Changyŏngshik Hanjŏnsajang Kyŏngjil," Segye Ilbo, 20 April 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

24 April 1999
Chang Yŏng Shik, president of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) submits his resignation.
—"KEPCO President Tenders Resignation," Korea Herald, 26 April 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Park Chŏng Kyu, "Han'gukchŏllyŏk Changyŏngshiksajang Sapyojech'ul," Hankook Ilbo, 26 April 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

24-25 April 1999
Representatives from the US, South Korea, and Japan meet in Hawaii to coordinate policies on North Korea. The three nations, taking note of the threat that North Korea's nuclear and missile programs pose to regional security, agree to establish the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) to institutionalize the process of coordinating policies on North Korea.
—"ROK, US, Japan to Set Up Panel to Coordinate NK Policy," Korea Times, 26 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Japan, U.S., S. Korea to Form Coordination Group on N. Korea," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 26 April 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <"http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

May 1999
The South Korean government restructures the Atomic Energy Bureau of the Ministry of Science and Technology by reducing its six divisions into four. The four divisions include the Atomic Energy Policy Division, the Atomic Energy Cooperation Division, the Nuclear Safety Division and the Radiation Safety Division.
—"MOST Restructured," TCNC Newsletter, 1 June 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

4 May 1999
South Korean President Kim Dae Jung, in a CNN interview calls on the United States and North Korea to improve relations by reducing mutual threats and faithfully implementing the 1994 Agreed Framework.
—"Pres. Kim Calls on US, NK to Improve Relations by Reducing Mutual Threats," Korea Times, 5 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 May 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces that the Yŏnggwang-3 nuclear power reactor shut down due to a malfunction of one of the three water pumps in the steam generator. According to KEPCO, the power plant is expected to resume operation shortly. The malfunction raises concerns since the Yŏnggwang-3 reactor is the same design as the reactors to be supplied to North Korea under the 1994 Agreed Framework.
—Chosun Ilbo, 9 May 1999, in "Operations Suspended at Yongwon Nuclear Plant," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990509000273; Lee Sang Il, "Yŏnggwangwŏnjŏn 3 Hogido Kojang Palchŏnjungdan," Kukmin Ilbo, 10 May 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

13-17 May 1999
South Korean Foreign Minister Hong Sun Yŏng meets with US officials in Washington to encourage the United States to support a comprehensive approach to North Korea based on South Korean President Kim Dae Jung's "sunshine policy." At a 17 March joint press conference with US Secretary of State Madeline Albright, Hong says that William Perry, in his upcoming trip to North Korea, will deliver a package of "attractions and incentives" to Pyongyang. Hong adds, "North Korea is well-advised to seize this opportunity."
—"Hong Urges US Congress to Support Comprehensive Approach," Korea Times, 14 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com">; Matthew Lee, "US to Give 400,000 Tonnes of Food Aid to North Korea," Agence France Presse, 17 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; NAPSNet Special Report, 18 May 1999, <http://www.nautilus.org/napsnet>.

11-14 May 1999
The 11th DUPIC (Direct Use of spent PWR fuel in CANDU) Technical Review Meeting is held in South Korea. Attendees include representatives from the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI), the IAEA, the US, and Atomic Energy of Canada, Limited. The purpose of the meeting is to discuss DUPIC safeguards and to finalize IAEA safeguard approaches.
—"DUPIC Safeguards Meeting Held," TCNC Newsletter, 1 June 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

24 May 1999
William Perry, coordinator of US policy on North Korea; Im Dong Wŏn, South Korea's Minister of Unification; and Ryozo Kato, Japanese director general for foreign policy, meet in Tokyo to fine-tune their countries' respective policies on North Korea. The three also discuss Perry's upcoming trip to Pyongyang and the package deal he is to present to high-ranking North Korean officials. The three say in a joint statement that they hope Perry's meetings in Pyongyang "will produce useful insights as the review of a joint approach toward North Korea moves toward a conclusion."
—"Japan, U.S., South Korea Agree on Message to North Korea," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 24 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Perry to Visit NK Today with Message from Top Leaders," Korea Times, 24 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Shino Yuasa, "Japan, South Korea and US Seek United Front on North Korea," Agence France Presse, 24 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

29 May 1999
William Perry, coordinator of US policy on North Korea, meets with South Korea's Unification Minister Im Tong Wŏn and Ryozo Kato, Japanese director general for foreign policy, in Seoul to discuss his recently concluded trip to North Korea. In Pyongyang, Perry proposed a package deal to North Korea by which it would halt its nuclear and missile programs in exchange for an easing of economic sanctions, increased food aid, and diplomatic recognition from Washington and Tokyo. At a press conference later in the day, Perry says that he "clearly and firmly" expressed the combined concerns of the United States, South Korea and Japan over North Korea's nuclear and missile programs. However, Perry adds, "It will take some time for (North Korea) to further reflect upon the views I have expressed and for us to reflect on our visit."
—"U.S., S. Korea, Japan Discuss Result of Perry's DPRK Tour," Xinhua News Agency, 29 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Sang Hun Choe, "U.S. Envoy Says He Achieved His Goal in North Korea," Associated Press, 29 May 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; NAPSNet Special Report, 2 June 1999, <http://www.nautilus.org/napsnet>.

7-8 June 1999
Senior US and South Korean officials meet in Hawaii to discuss recent developments in North Korea including the recent US inspection of a suspected nuclear facility in Kŭmch'ang-ri.
—Jun Kwan-woo, "Seoul, Washington to Discuss N.K. Policy in Hawaii," Korea Herald, 7 June 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Korea Herald, 12 June 1999, in "ROK Official Comments on US-DPRK Missile Talks," FBIS Document FTS19990611000645.

8-15 June 1999
North Korean vessels cross the Northern Limit Line in the Yellow Sea on 8 June, apparently to fish in the crab-rich waters. South Korean Navy vessels respond by bumping the ships back across the line that separates the two countries. The tense standoff continues and comes to a head on 15 June, when the two nations, still technically at war, exchange heavy gun fire for ten minutes. The ten-minute naval clash, the largest since the 1953 Armistice Agreement, results in casualties on both sides and the sinking of a North Korean gunship. In response to the rising tension on the peninsula, the United States sends air and naval reinforcements to South Korea. [Note: North Korea does not recognize the Northern Limit Line because it was not part of the 1953 Armistice and was established unilaterally by the UN Command in Seoul following the war. On 29 June 2002, a South Korean naval vessel is sunk in a similar clash.]
—Robert Whymant and David Watts, "Korean Dispute Ends in Sea Battle," Times (London), 16 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 16 June 1999, in "US Military Reinforcements Arrive in South Korea," 16 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Marc Lavine, "Tensions Boil in Yellow Sea as US Sends Warships, Planes," Agence France Presse, 17 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Song Sang Kŭn, "'Puk Kyŏngbijŏng Sŏhae Ch'ulhyŏn' Yŏnghae Ch'imbŏmhaenna? Anhaenna?" Donga Ilbo, 10 June 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Ch'oe Sang Yŏn, "Jjokkyonan Pukkyŏnbijŏng Tashi Ch'imbŏm...Sŏhae Nambuk Ch'oginjang Taech'i," Joongang Ilbo, 12 June 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Kim Yŏng Bŏm and Lee Che Kyŏ, "Nambuk Sŏhae Kyojŏn Puk'ŏroejŏng Kyŏkt'oe," Munhwa Ilbo, 15 June 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

21 June 1999
South Korean and the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) officials sign the Additional Protocol (INFCIRC/540) to the Comprehensive Safeguards Agreement. The South Korean government expects to request the National Assembly to ratify the Additional Protocol in the fall.
—"ROK Signs Additional Protocol," TCNC Newsletter, 1 August 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

21-23 June 1999
The 20th Joint Standing Committee on Nuclear Energy Cooperation (JSCNEC) between the US and South Korea is held in Washington, DC. The two sides discuss nuclear policy, cooperation in research, export controls, the export of jointly developed nuclear technology to other countries, and safeguards.
—"Six Safeguards Related Issues Discussed in 20th JSCNEC," TCNC Newsletter, 1 August 1999 <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

24-25 June 1999
The second phase of remote monitoring equipment is installed at the Yŏnggwang-3 nuclear power reactor. The equipment will collect video images and seal data on containment vessels and on the spent fuel storage pond, and transmit the information to the IAEA and Technology Center for Nuclear Control (TCNC) simultaneously.
—"Phase II Launched at Younggwang -3," TCNC Newsletter, 1 August 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

25 June 1999
Japan and South Korea hold working-level talks in Sapporo to discuss implementation of the KEDO light water reactor project. The talks focus on the contract between KEDO and KEPCO, the primary contractor for the light water reactor project.
—Kyodo News Service, 24 June 1999, in "Japan, South Korea to Hold Talks on Reactors for North," BBC Summary of World Broadcasts, 26 June 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25-26 June 1999
The US, Japan, and South Korea hold a meeting of the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) in Washington to coordinate their policies on North Korea amid rising tension on the Korean Peninsula following a naval clash on 15 June. The delegations are headed by Wendy Sherman, councilor for the US State Department, Ryozo Kato, director-general of the Japanese Foreign Ministry, and Chang Chae Ryong, deputy minister of foreign affairs and trade.
—Yonhap News Agency, 27 June 1999, in "ROK, US, Japan Repeat Pledge for Engagement Policy," FBIS Document FTS19990627000023; "Han-Mi-Il Taebukchoyul 3 Ch'a Koŭi Chŏngch'aekhyŏbŭi Naeilbut'ŏ Washington Sŏ," Chosun Ilbo, 24 June 1999, p. 3, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

Late June 1999
According to a Nuclear Fuel report, South Korean government and energy industry officials said that South Korea will most likely overturn the decision by former KEPCO president Chang Yŏng Shik to reject the reprocessing of spent nuclear fuel. The report also states that both government and foreign firms have been informed that KEPCO will reconsider reprocessing and separating recycled plutonium as mixed oxide fuel once a new president is appointed. [Note: Under the terms of the 1992 "Joint Declaration on the Denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula," South Korea is prohibited from reprocessing spent fuel. Furthermore, the US-ROK bilateral agreement concerning civilian uses of atomic energy signed in 1972 also prohibits South Korea from reprocessing without permission from the United States.]
—Mark Hibbs, "Chang's Successor Will Reopen Reprocessing Option, Officials Say," Nuclear Fuel, 28 June 1999, p. 8, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

2 July 1999
South Korea signs a contract with KEDO to provide $3.2 billion for the light water reactor project. The contract is signed by Chang Sŏn Sŏp, South Korea's representative to KEDO, and KEDO Executive Director Desaix Anderson. According to an official from South Korea's Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project, South Korea will provide the funds in wŏn, at a fixed rate of 1,100 wŏn per dollar. [Note: The contract is unanimously approved by the National Assembly on 12 September.]
—"S. Korea, KEDO Sign Agreement for Financing by Seoul," Japan Economic Newswire, 1 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 2 July 1999, in "South Korea to Pay in Won for North's Reactor Project," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 2 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yu Kwang Chong, "Han'guk, Puk Kyŏngsuro Kŏnsŏlbi 70% Chiwŏn," Joongang Ilbo, 3 July 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

6 July 1999
The Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization (KEDO) holds a meeting at the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) to discuss the transfer of strategic technology to North Korea for the light water reactor construction project. Officials from the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO), Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung), Korea Power Engineering Company (KOPEC) and the Technology Center for Nuclear Control attend the meeting.
—"Export License to KEDO Project Discussed at MOST," TCNC Newsletter, 1 August 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr>.

13-14 July 1999
Senior officials from the United States, Japan, and South Korea meet in Tokyo to coordinate policies on North Korea. During the Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG) meeting, the three nations agree to work together to deter North Korea from testing another long-range ballistic missile. According to an official from the Japanese Foreign Ministry, the three nations will face similar domestic problems in funding KEDO if North Korea shows signs of preparing for a missile launch.
—Kyodo News Service, 14 July 1999, in "Tokyo, Seoul Agree to Deter North Korea's Missile Test," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 14 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

Mid July 1999
South Korea establishes a sound detection station in Kang'wŏn Province that is capable of detecting a nuclear test explosion in North Korea. The stations, located near the demilitarized zone and consisting of four ultra-low frequency reception facilities, are set one kilometer apart and are capable of detecting explosions up to 1,000km away.
—"Seoul Sets Up Observation Station Able to Detect NK's Test of Atomic Bomb," Korea Times, 17 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Kungnae Ch'ŏt 'Pukhaekshilhŏm' Ump'a'gwanch'ŭkso Unyŏngjung Misail Palsayŏbudo P'och'ak," Chosun Ilbo, 18 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, 17 August 1999, in "ROK Sets up Test Detection Observatory," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990816001578.

26 July 1999
US Secretary of State Madeline Albright, South Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Hong Sun Yŏng, and Japanese Foreign Minister Masahiko Komura meet on the sidelines of the ASEAN Regional Forum. The three foreign ministers issue a joint statement warning Pyongyang that if it launches another long-range missile, "it would adversely affect peace and stability on the Korean Peninsula and beyond, and would have serious negative consequences" for North Korea. While the three foreign ministers do not specify what consequences would follow a missile launch, Komura reiterated Tokyo's threat to freeze contributions to KEDO if Pyongyang tests another missile.
—Tom Raum, "U.S., Japan and S. Korea Join In Issuing Missile Challenge to N. Korea," Associated Press, 26 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Kohei Murayama, "Japan Reiterates Possible Freeze of KEDO Funding," Japan Economic Newswire, 26 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "United States, Japan, ROK Warn N. Korea on Missile Launch," Korea Times, 27 July 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 August 1999
South Korean Foreign Affairs and Trade Minister Hong Sun Yŏng tells the National Assembly's Unification, Foreign Affairs and Trade Committee that Seoul intends to continue supporting the KEDO light water reactor project even if North Korea tests another long-range missile.
—Shin Yong Bae, "Hong Reaffirms KEDO Project Will Continue," Korea Herald, 6 August 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

5-9 August 1999
Representatives from the United States, China, and the two Koreas meet in Geneva for the sixth round of four-party peace talks aimed at replacing the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement with a formal peace treaty. The talks once again fail to make significant progress reportedly due to North Korea's continuing insistence that the talks address US troop withdrawal from South Korea. Despite the lack of noticeable progress, the four nations, in a joint statement, describe the talks as "useful and productive."
—Konstantin Pribytkov, "New Round of Koreas Talks Opens in Tense Air," ITAR-TASS, 5 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Geir Moulson, "North Korea Expresses Frustration as Latest Talks Wind Up," AAP News, 10 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

11 August 1999
The US and South Korean officials discuss ways to improve bilateral science cooperation. During the talks, officials from both countries agree on South Korea's participation in US nuclear energy projects, US participation in Korea's next generation nuclear fusion research project and the Korea Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research project (KSTAR).
—Yonhap News Agency, 11 August 1999, in "ROK, US Discuss Improving Cooperation in Science," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990811000686.

12 August 1999
The South Korean National Assembly unanimously approves a loan of $3.2 billion [to be paid in wŏn] to fund the KEDO light water reactor project. The loans, to be provided through the Inter-Korea Cooperative Fund, will cover 70 percent of the estimated $4.6 billion project.
—"House Passes KEDO Assistance Law," Korea Times, 12 August 1999, <http://www.koreatimes.com>; "S Korea's Parliament Approves Funds for Nuclear Reactors in North," Associated Press, 12 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

16 August 1999
The South Korean Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project announces that preliminary site preparation in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o will be extended until 15 December. An official from the office says that delays in negotiations among the nations responsible for financing the KEDO project have in turn delayed the conclusion of a contact between KEDO and KEPCO, the primary contractor for the project.
—"Construction of Reactors in North Delayed," Korea Herald, 17 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

17 August 1999
The South Korean Ministry of National Defense announces that it has established an observation post in an undisclosed area in Kang'wŏn Province that can detect nuclear and high explosive tests as well as missile launches from North Korea. The observation post was established in mid-July by the Korea Institute of Geology, Mining and Materials, and the Southern Methodist University of the US. The observation post uses four micro barometers, barometers and seismographs to detect any activity by North Korea.
—"Seoul Sets Up Observation Station Able to Detect NK's Test of Atomic Bomb," Korea Times, 17 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Kungnae Ch'ŏt 'Pukhaekshilhŏm' Ump'agwanch'ŭkso Unyŏngjung Misail Palsayŏbudo P'och'ak," Chosun Ilbo, 18 August 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, 17 August 1999, in "ROK Sets up Test Detection Observatory," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990816001578.

18 August 1999
South Korean President Kim Dae Jung tells Taku Yamasaki, former chief of the Liberal Democratic Party's Policy Affairs Research Council in Japan, that the 1994 Agreed Framework and KEDO are vital to ensuring that North Korea does not develop nuclear weapons. Kim also urges Japan not to follow through with its threat to freeze funding for the KEDO light water reactor project if North Korea tests another long-range missile.
—"KEDO Framework Needs to Be Maintained: S Korea's Kim," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 18 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "2002 Nyŏn Wŏldkŏptaehoe Apsŏ Akihito Ilhwang Panghan Kidae," Taehan Maeil, 19 August 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

25 August 1999
Chang Sŏn Sŏp, chief South Korean representative to KEDO, announces that construction of two light water reactors in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o will begin by the end of the year. According to Chang, the project will be accelerated due to North Korea's threat to abandon the 1994 Agreed Framework if construction on the reactors continues to be stalled.
—Paul Shin, "Reactor Project to Be Sped Up to Allay North Korean Complaint," Associated Press, 25 August 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com/>.

2 September 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces that it will be divided into six units in November as part of government reforms to privatize the power industry. KEPCO plans to sell off its power generating facilities to five hydroelectric and thermoelectric power companies, and keep the nuclear power plants under a single subsidiary. KEPCO officials note that the privatization will not happen until 2000.
—"Energy: KEPCO Privatization Will Start in November," Korean Industry Update, 3 September 1999, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "S. Korea to Divide, Sell Generation Facilities," Generation Week, 8 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 September 1999
KEDO's Executive Board meets in News York and agrees to try to start construction on the two light water reactors in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o by the end of the year. In this regard, the board, comprising the United States, EU, South Korea, and Japan, resolves to hold talks with KEPCO, the primary contractor of the project, as soon as possible to finalize arrangements for the commencement of reactor construction.
—"KEDO Aims to Start Work on New N. Korean Reactors by Year-End," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 4 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

9 September 1999
The Korea Federation for the Environment Movement (KFEM) accuses British Nuclear Fuels (BNFL) of lobbying the South Korean government to buy reprocessed plutonium. According to KFEM, British Nuclear Fuels set up a secret office in Seoul in the early 1990's and lobbied to secure a contract to sell plutonium.
—Yonhap News Agency, 9 September 1999, in "UK State Firm Accused of Lobbying Plutonium Sale to ROK," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990908001819.

10 September 1999
The Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung) signs a $50 million contract with ABB-Combustion Engineering to supply four steam generators for a 1,200MW(e) light water reactor to the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA). The steam generators will be manufactured in Hanjung's plant in Ch'ang'wŏn, South Kyŏngsang province and they are expected to be delivered to TVA by October 2002.
—"HANJUNG to Supply Nuclear Power Facilities to US," Korea Economic Weekly, 14 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

12 September 1999
US President Bill Clinton, South Korean President Kim Dae Jung, and Japanese Prime Minister Keizo Obuchi issue a joint statement saying that the three nations are prepared "to undertake measures to improve their respective relations" with North Korea. The three leaders issue the statement before the opening of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation forum in Auckland, New Zealand.
—"3 Nations Show Readiness to Promote Ties with N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 11 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

25 September 1999
Approximately 30 delegates from the United States, Japan, South Korea, and KEPCO meet with North Korean officials in Pyongyang to discuss pending issues concerning the KEDO light water reactor project.
—Kim Ji Ho, "KEDO to Hold Experts' Meeting in N.K. Sept. 25," Korea Herald, 21 September 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 September 1999
The Ministry of Science and Technology announces that the government is working on plans for a Periodic Safety Review (PSR) on nuclear power facilities. The PSR requires the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to conduct a full inspection from design to facility maintenance of nuclear power plants, most likely every ten years. The South Korean government attempted to implement this program last year, but KEPCO rejected the idea because routine inspections are performed every year and a half. However the recent malfunctions at several nuclear power plants have increased concerns over safety.
—Hwang Jang Jin, "Government to Introduce Periodic Safety Reviews on Nuclear Plant," Korea Herald, 29 September 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

28 September 1999
The Yŏnggwang-1 nuclear power reactor is shut down due to a malfunction of the electronic circuit board that controls signals. Officials at the plant state that no radioactive leaks have been reported and the power plant is expected to resume operations by the evening.
—Yonhap News Agency, 28 September 1999, in "Nuclear Power Plant Shuts Down Due to Circuit Problems," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990928000072.

29 September 1999
Officials at the Yŏnggwang nuclear power station announce that reactor one resumed operations at 11:20 pm on 28 September.
—Yonhap News Agency, 29 September 1999, in "Yongkwang Atomic Power Plant Resumes Operations," FBIS Document ID: FTS19990928001890.

October 1999
The Wŏlsŏng-4 nuclear power reactor begins commercial operations. The Wŏlsŏng-4 reactor is a 700MW(e) CANDU pressurized heavy water reactor (PHWR).
— South Korea Ministry of National Defense, Taeryangsalsangmugi (WMD) Mundappaekkwa: Hwa Saeng Pang Missile Ŏlmana Algo Kyeshimnikka? (Seoul: Ministry of National Defense, 2001), p. 87;
"International Briefs," Nuclear News, December 1999, p. 36, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korea Hydro & Nuclear Co., Ltd., "Han'guksuryŏk Wŏnjaryŏk (Chu) Wŏlsŏng'wŏnjaryŏk Ponbu," <http://www.khnp.co.kr/korea_map/korea.html>.

October 1999
South Korean and Taiwanese officials state that they have not made a concrete decision on whether to store spent fuel from Japan or any other country. Since September, Japanese officials have been holding discussions about the possibility of storing spent fuel on one of the several islands owned by South Korea or Taiwan as an alternative to storing it in the Russian Federation.
—Mark Hibbs, "Korea, Taiwan Not in a Hurry to Store Japanese Spent Fuel," Nucleonics Week, 14 October 1999, p. 5, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

1 October 1999
The National Congress for New Politics (NCNP; President Kim Dae Jung's political party) accuses the Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) of ignoring the hydrogen leak in Uljin-2 nuclear power reactor stating that it is the responsibility of the Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy to manage the problem. According to the NCNP, Uljin-2 has been leaking hydrogen since last September at a rate of 1.9 cubic meters a day and as of 30 September the rate increased to 34.34 cubic meters a day. Alsthom, the manufacturer of the power plant, warned that the plant should be shut down for repair and that if the leakage is over 40 cubic meters a day an explosion is likely in the case of hydrogen mixing with oxygen.
—Chosun Ilbo, 1 October 1999, in "Uljin Nuclear Plant Leaking Hydrogen," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991001000929; Lee Sŭng Chae, "Uljunwŏnjŏn Susonuch'ul 'Wihŏmsuwi," Munhwa Ilbo, 2 October 1999, p. 21, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

4 October 1999
The Wŏlsŏng-3 nuclear power reactor leaks 45 liters of heavy water exposing twenty two workers to low-level radiation. According to KEPCO officials, heavy water leaks from the damaged ring of a seal connecting the motor and the pump. Three of the twenty two workers are under special care for possible overexposure to radiation. Specific details on how the leak occurred are not revealed.
—MoT'ae Chun and Sŏn U Chŏng, "Wŏlsŏngsŏnjŏnsŏ 22 Myŏng Pangsanŭng P'ibok," Chosun Ilbo, 6 October 1999, p. 1, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, 6 October 1999, in "Damaged Seal Blamed for Radiation Leak at Wolsong Plant," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991006000143; "South Korean Nuclear Leak Exposes 22 People to Radiation," AFX (AP), 5 October 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 October 1999
KEDO holds its annual general meeting in New York. After the meeting, Marc Vogelaar, KEDO's director for public and external promotion and support, announces that KEDO is ready to begin construction on the two light water reactors. Vogelaar also tells reporters that the start up date for the first reactor is 2003.
—"Construction of Nuclear Reactors in N Korea Gets the Go-Ahead," Agence France Presse, 5 October 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Chosun Ilbo, 6 October 1999, in "KEDO: Construction of Light-Water Reactors to Start Soon," FBIS Document FTS19991006001030, 6 October 1999; "Puk Kyŏngsuro'gŏnsŏl Cho'man'gan Shijak," Segye Ilbo, 7 October 1999, p. 11, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

8 October 1999
The National Assembly's science and technology committee sites human error and mechanical problems as the cause of the radiation leak at the Wŏlsŏng-3 nuclear power reactor. The investigative committee found that workers opened a pipe connection to replace a broken bearing without shutting a valve that could have blocked the spill of heavy water. The committee also notes that workers could have prevented the accident if they took proper safety measures while conducting the repair work. The Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) announces that it will dismantle the malfunctioning parts in the Wŏlsŏng-3 nuclear power reactor for seven days to determine the exact cause of the leak. According to KEPCO officials, nuclear experts from the manufacturer and the Ministry of Science and Technology will conduct the investigation.
—"Human Error, Mechanical Problems Blamed for Radioactive Leak in S Korea," Associated Press, 8 October 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, 8 October 1999, in "Human Error Cited as Possible Cause of Nuclear Leak," FBIS ID: FTS19991008000218; Yonhap News Agency, 8 October 1999, in "Kepco to Dismantle Nuclear Reactor in Wolsong for Probe," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991008000274.

11 October 1999
The Korean Federation for Environmental Movement (KFEM) files a claim with the Seoul District Court asking for an investigation of the president and four officials of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). According to KFEM, KEPCO officials did not respond to the accident at the Wŏlsŏng-3 nuclear power on 4 October, even though alarms in the plant rang for one hour and seventeen minutes. In addition, KFEM accuses KEPCO for failing to report the incident to the Ministry of Science and Technology officials, which is a violation of the nuclear power law.
—"Environmental Group Files Plea to Probe KEPCO Head, Officials," Korea Times, 11 October 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Environmentalists Accuse Officials over Radiation Leak," Korea Herald, 12 October 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

13 October 1999
Experts from the Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety (KINS) report finding 49 unidentified welded sections in the Yŏnggwang-3 and -4, and Uljin-1 nuclear power reactors (Uljin-1 has the same piping system as the Yŏnggwang reactors). In addition, welded sections were also found in Uljin-2, Wŏlsŏng-1, and Kori-3, and -4. Unidentified welded sections refer to parts that were welded in noncompliance with the original design. According to experts, these flaws can cause corrosion of the pipes due to the boric acid contained in the coolant water.
—Chosun Ilbo, 13 October 1999, in "Welding Found in Nuclear Reactors," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991013001123; Kim Dong Wŏn, "Yŏnggwang-Uljinwŏnjŏn Tŭng Sangdangsu 'Yongjŏbkyŏlham," Segye Ilbo, 14 October 1999, p. 23, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

14 October 1999
Kim Myŏng Kyu of the National Congress for New Politics states at a National Assembly hearing on the Ministry of Commerce Industry and Energy (MOCIE) that all sixteen nuclear power plants contain basic defects. According to Kim, Kori-1 through -4 and Yŏnggwang-1 and -2 have damage to their controlling rods and buttress pins. Yŏnggwang-3 and -4, and Uljin-3 and -4 are in danger of losing controlling functions due to a distortion of the nuclear fuel lines caused by high temperature combustion. Furthermore, the reactor core of the Wŏlsŏng plants are in danger of a melt down due to the possible leakage of cooling water caused by the faulty design of the coolant pipeline. Kim suggested that the government reconsider constructing the additional 15 nuclear power plants under the fifth long-term program on power supply and demand.
—"All 16 N-Power Plants Defective," Korea Times, 15 October 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Nam Ho Ch'ŏl, "'Kadongwŏnjŏn 16 Ki Modu Kyŏlham'," Kukmin Ilbo, 16 October 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

14 October 1999
Chang Sŏn Sŏp, director of South Korea's Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project, says that while KEDO-KEPCO negotiations are in the final stages, there is only a 50 percent chance that the contract will be completed in time to begin construction on the two light water reactors by the end of the year.
—"ROK Official Hints at Delay in KEDO Project," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 14 October 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18-20 October 1999
The Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST) and the IAEA host a seminar on IAEA safeguards for the 21st century at the Nuclear Training Center of the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI). The purpose of the seminar is to encourage participating countries to join the new safeguards regime. The seminar focuses on the nuclear non-proliferation regime, components of the non-proliferation regime, and regional and national arrangements.
—"Regional Safeguards Seminar Held in Taejon," TCNC Newsletter, 1 December 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

20 October 1999
The South Korean government announces it will form a team of investigators called the "Comprehensive Nuclear Safety Inspection Team" to inspect nuclear power plants across the country as well as investigate the recent heavy water leakage at the Wŏlsŏng plant. The investigation team was organized by the Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy, the Minister of Government Information, and the president of the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO). The Nuclear Safety Inspection Team will consist of residents near nuclear power plants, environmental groups, members of the Nuclear Safety Commission, nuclear experts and regional government representatives. The investigation is expected to be completed by November and the findings will be available to the public.
—Samuel Len, "Quelling Jitters, Seoul to Form Special Team to Test Nuclear Plant Safety," Korea Herald, 21 October 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; "Joint Inspection Team to be Set up to Probe Nuke Accident," Korea Times, 20 October 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Kim Mi Kyŏng, "Chonghapjosadan Idal Kadong/Wŏnjŏn Chŏmgŏm Kŏt'halki Uryŏ," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 21 October 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

20 October 1999
The Vice Minister of Commerce, Industry and Energy tells reporters that the government has not yet decided on the model of the additional 12 nuclear reactors that South Korea plans to build. In addition, he states that the government will reconsider the Korea Electric Power Corporation's (KEPCO) plans to order additional CANDU pressurized heavy water reactors due to the recent heavy water leakage at the Wŏlsŏng power plant.
—Yonhap News Agency, 20 October 1999, in "ROK Having 'Second Thoughts' About Nuclear Reactor," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991020000790; Yun Pong Sŏp, "CANDU Hyŏng Wŏnjŏn Ch'ugadoip Chaegŏmt'o," Kukmin Ilbo, 21 October 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

21-22 October 1999
The Eighth ROK-IAEA Joint Review Meeting on Safeguards Implementation meeting is held in Seoul. During the meeting, officials from South Korea and the IAEA discuss the inspection results of 1998, review the status of facility attachments (FAs) and design information questionnaires (DIQs), and the implementation of safeguards at nuclear related facilities.
—"8th IAEA-ROK Joint Safeguards Review Meeting Held," TCNC Newsletter, 1 December 1999, <http://www.tcnc.kaeri.re.kr/Newsletter/tcncnews.htm>.

27 October 1999
The Chairman of the Hyundai Business Group announces that Hyundai Engineering and Construction, and the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) plan to participate in an international bid next March to construct two nuclear power plants in Guangdong Province in China. The companies will participate in the bidding as a consortium led by the Hyundai Engineering Group.
—Chosun Ilbo, 27 October 1999, in "KEPCO to Bid for Nuclear Power Plants in China," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991027000861; Park Wŏn Kap, "Hyŏndaegŏnsŏl Chung'wŏnjŏnsaŏp Chinch'ul," Munhwa Ilbo, 28 October 1999, p. 14, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

1-2 November 1999
KEDO and South Korea's Export-Import Bank hold working-level talks in Seoul to finalize the loan agreement for South Korea's $3.2 billion [to be paid in South Korean wŏn] contribution to the light water reactor project.
—"KEDO, KEPCO to Sign Turn-Key Pact," Korea Times, 4 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

3 November 1999
The Korea Electric Power Corporation's board of directors announces it will split its power generation holdings into six subsidiaries. A single subsidiary, which will not be put for sale, will hold South Korea's nuclear power plants, but the reactors will remain under government control. KEPCO plans to sell off one of the subsidiaries by the end of 1999 and four others by 2002.
—"Chemical & Energy: KEPCO Will Split into 6 Firms for Privatization," Korean Industry Update, 4 November 1999, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "South Korea to Start Sell-off in 2000 for as Much as 56,310 MW of Capacity," Global Power Report, 26 November 1999, p. 6, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

5 November 1999
An official from South Korea's Ministry of Foreign Affairs questions the credibility of a report submitted by US Congressional Republicans on 3 November claiming that North Korea is actively pursuing nuclear weapons despite the 1994 Agreed Framework. The official claims that "the evidence Republicans presented is just a compilation of various suspicions which have already been raised by the news media in the United States."
—"Seoul Skeptical about Report," Korea Herald, 5 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Mi Konghwa 'Pukhan Haekkaebal Kyesok Chŭnggŏ Itta'," Kukmin Ilbo, 5 November 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>; "Migonghwa 'Taebukpogosŏ' Kwallyŏn Urijŏngbu Shigak," Munhwa Ilbo, 4 November 1999, p. 5, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.co.kr>.

8-9 November 1999
The Trilateral Coordination and Oversight Group (TCOG), comprising the United States, South Korea, and Japan, meets in Washington. The three delegations discuss coordinating policies on North Korea and implementing the comprehensive approach to North Korea recommended in the Perry Report. On 9 November, the three nations issue a joint statement in which they reaffirm their commitment to the Agreed Framework.
—Shin Yong Bae, "Korea, U.S., Japan Urge P'yang to Take Steps to Improve Relations," Korea Herald, 11 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Three-Way Meeting Opens to Address Future US-NK Talks," Korea Times, 8 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

18 November 1999
Dr. Shin Sŏng T'aek, a researcher with the Korea Institute for Defense Analysis, claims that since 1994 North Korea has stockpiled 40kg of plutonium. While this amount of plutonium is enough for 10 small nuclear weapons, Shin claims that Pyongyang will not develop several nuclear weapons due to its "one nuclear warhead strategy." Shin presents his conclusions, which are based on data from the CIA and a South Korean-US nuclear inspection team, at the Korea-Russia Defense Forum held in Seoul.
—Yonhap News Agency, 18 November 1999, in "Korea: South Researcher Claims North Has 40kg Of Plutonium," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 18 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "N. Korea Has Enough Plutonium for 10 Small Nuclear Bombs: Researcher," Agence France Presse, 18 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

21-22 November 1999
KEDO's Executive Board meets in New York to narrow differences between board members on a turn-key contract to be signed with KEPCO, the primary contractor of the light water reactor project. The board agrees to wrap up the turn-key contract before 15 December, the date site preparation work in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o is schedule to be completed.
—"KEDO Convenes Executive Council in New York," Korea Times, 22 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Still Aims to Start Construction within 1999," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 24 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Yonhap News Agency, "South Korea, Japan, USA to Conclude Contract for North Korean Reactors," 25 November 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

10 December 1999
The Ministry of Commerce, Industry and Energy announces plans to build 106 more power plants through the year 2015 and to increase current power generating capacity by 45.13 million kilowatts. Among the 106 power plants, 14 will be nuclear, 22 coal burning, 22 LNG, 15 oil burning and 12 hydroelectric.
—"S Korea to Build 106 More Power Plants by 2015," Asia Pulse, 10 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Ye Chin Su, "2015 Nyŏnkkaji 67 Cho T'uja Paljŏnso 106 Ki Shin'gyugŏnsŏl," Munhwa Ilbo, 11 December 1999, p. 10, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

11 December 1999
Kyodo News Service reports that three Japanese firms, Mitsubishi Industries, Toshiba, and Hitachi, will participate in the KEDO light water reactor project as subcontractors. According to a Japanese official quoted by Kyodo, the three firms will sign working agreements with the Korea Electric Power Corporation by the end of the month.
—Kyodo News Service, 11 December 1999, in "Three Japanese Firms to Help Build North Korean Reactors," BBC Worldwide Monitoring, 11 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

13 December 1999
KEDO's Executive Board meets in Tokyo and adopts a resolution allowing KEDO Executive Director Desaix Anderson to conclude a turnkey contract with KEPCO, the main contractor for the light water reactor project, on 15 December.
—"KEDO to Start N-Reactor Construction in N. Korea," Jiji Press Ticker Service, 13 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "KEDO Board to Begin Full Nuke Project in N. Korea," Japan Economic Newswire, 13 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

14 December 1999
The US Department of Energy's Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL) announces it has signed a contract with the Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) to test a new nuclear reactor fuel for the High flux Advanced Neutron Application Reactor (HANARO). Under the contract, INEEL will create the preliminary design for the instrumented capsule to test the reactor fuel design, and will develop the control system used for the experiments and the handling systems to remove the capsule from the reactor.
—"International Cooperation on Reactor Fuel Testing," Nuclear News, February 2000, p. 44, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

15 December 1999
KEDO and KEPCO sign a $4.6 billion dollar turnkey contract in Seoul, allowing KEPCO to begin construction on the two light water reactors in [Kŭmho-chigu], Shinp'o. The contract, signed by KEDO Executive Director Desaix Anderson and KEPCO President Ch'oe Su Pyŏng, supercedes the preliminary works contract signed by KEDO and KEPCO in August 1997. [Note: While the turnkey contract is signed on 15 December, it does not become effective until 3 February 2000 when KEDO signs a contract with Japan's Bank of International Cooperation for $1 billion in funding for the project.]
—"Kudos for KEDO: Contract Signed to Facilitate Construction of N-Reactors in N.K.," Newsreview, 18 December 1999, pp. 5-6; Sung Hun Choe, "North Korea getting Nuclear Reactors," Associated Press, 15 December1999; "Officials Sign Landmark Deal to Build Reactors for North Korea," Agence France Press, 15 December 1999; "Nuclear Power for Peace," Nuclear Engineering International, October 2000, pp. 34-35; Chang Yong Hun, "<Taebuk Kyŏngsuro Kŏnsŏlgongsa Hyŏnhwang>," Yonhap News Agency, 6 December 2001, <http://www.yonhapnews.net>; "North Korean Nuclear Reactor Treaty Signed in Seoul," Deutsche Presse-Agentur, 15 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; "Light Water Reactor Project: Turnkey Contract," Korean Peninsula Energy Development Organization, <http://www.kedo.org/au_members.asp>.

15 December 1999
An official from South Korea's Office of Planning for the Light-Water Reactor Project announces that KEDO will not provide financial assistance to North Korea for the construction of a new electricity transmission and distribution system [power grid], which is necessary for the successful operation of the two KEDO light water reactors.
—"Gov't Denies Aid for NK Construction of Power Transmitter," Korea Times, 16 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 December 1999
Korea Heavy Industries and Construction Company (Hanjung) sign an agreement with the Korea Electric Power Corporation (KEPCO) to supply components for the two light water reactors for North Korea. Under the agreement, Hanjung will provide 850 billion won worth of nuclear furnaces, turbine generators and other equipment for North Korea's reactors.
—Nho Joo Hun, "Hanjung to Supply W850 Bil. Worth of N-Components to KEPCO for NK Reactor," Korea Times, 28 December 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>.

27 December 1999
Local residents and environmental groups stage a protest in Wŏlsŏng against the government's plans to construct additional nuclear power plants. The recent accident at Wŏlsŏng in which 22 workers were exposed to radiation aroused public concern over safety measures at South Korea's nuclear power plants.
—"S. Koreans Rally Against New N-Power Plants," The Times of India, 28 December 1999, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>.

27 December 1999
A dedication ceremony is held for the Wŏlsŏng-3 and -4 nuclear power reactors. Wŏlsŏng-3 and -4 are both 700MW(e) pressurized heavy water reactors. During the ceremony, Prime Minister Kim Jong P'il pledges to have the government ensure the safety of nuclear reactors and the neighborhoods surrounding the plants. The completion of these power plants brings South Korea's capacity to produce electricity to 12.7 million kilowatts per year.
—"Wolsong Nuclear Units 3, 4 Begin Commercial Operation," Korea Times, 27 December 1999, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Ch'a Ki T'ae, "Wŏlsŏng'wŏnjŏn 3, 4 Hogi Chun'gong," Hankyoreh Shinmun, 28 December 1999, p. 2, in KINDS, <http://www.kinds.or.kr>; Yonhap News Agency, 27 December 1999, in "Minister Kim Pledges Safety at ROK Nuclear Reactors," FBIS Document ID: FTS19991227000693.

31 December 1999
The Uljin-4 nuclear power reactor, which is South Korea's sixteenth nuclear power plant, begins commercial operations. Uljin-4 is a 1,000MW(e) pressurized light-water reactor. South Korea's nuclear power plants now account for over 40% of the country's electric power.
—"Construction of South Korea's 16th Nuclear Reactors Complete," Xinhua News Agency, 24 February 2000, in Lexis-Nexis, <http://web.lexis-nexis.com>; Korea Hydro & Nuclear Power, "Han'guk Suryŏg'wŏnjaryŏk (Chu) Uljinwŏnjaryŏk Ponbu," <http://www.khnp.co.kr/korea_map/korea.html>.

	Updated September 2004