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Iraq
For over a decade, the United States tried to use sanctions
in an attempt to persuade Iraq to cooperate with the UN to declare
and dismantle its WMD programs. Eventually, however, the United States
decided to invade Iraq and overthrow the regime of Saddam Hussein. Sanctions
were then lifted once the regime had been removed.
 Map of Iraq
India and Pakistan
The United States imposed sanctions against India and Pakistan after their
nuclear tests in May 1998. The United States wanted to show its concern about
the tests and also wanted to encourage India and Pakistan to restrict their
nuclear weapon programs. Neither India nor Pakistan has done so, however. The
United States is gradually ending most sanctions it had imposed on the two countries.
The United States has imposed penalties
on several Pakistani organizations (as well as on organizations in North Korean
and Iran).
Map of India
India Country Overview
Map of Pakistan
Pakistan Country Overview
Ukraine
In the early 1990s, the United States successfully used incentives with Ukraine
to encourage Ukraine to return its nuclear weapons to Russia. Washington offered
Ukraine additional foreign assistance to close the deal.
Map of Ukraine
Kazakhstan
In 1994, the United States used incentives with Kazakhstan to transfer 581
kilograms of highly-enriched uranium from Ulba Metallurgy Plant in northeastern
Kazakhstan to Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee in a secret project
known as "Sapphire." U.S. compensation to Kazakhstan, though undisclosed, was estimated at between $10 and $20 million, in both cash and in-kind assistance.
Map of Kazakhstan
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Further Reading - Iraq:
Further Reading -
India and Pakistan
Further Reading - Kazakhstan:
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William C. Potter,
"The 'Sapphire' File: Lessons For Int'l Nonproliferation Cooperation," Transition, 17 November 1995. |
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